Evolving Missile Technologies in India and Pakistan

The hypersonic missile recently tested by DRDO and the Indian Navy in November 2024.
Never answer someone, when they try to mock there own, for no reason, but just for getting dopamine in blood.

The intention is never about getting answers.
 
Actually in my opinion even Agni 5 can be used in case of war with Pakistan....
Suppose Pakistan nukes Easter coastal cities like Vishakapatnam or Kolkata in that case India can use longer range missiles from Andaman islands or from some SSBN in bob..... agreed china is the main focus but it can be used against Pakistan as well as per the requirements.
 
Your claim doesn't provide any guarantees. Pakistan must prepare for all eventualities. These missiles can be used against Pakistan even if they are meant to be used against China. Also, longer and more powerful missiles provide India with an option to strike from a greater distance.
there is no cure for "Wehem" or Paranoia ...... and since Pakistan's so called core existence is based on false parnoia about so called EVIL HINDU INDIA where Muslims will have no rights and even to this day you guys are fed the same logic

hence this missile and its range is very trivial issue but OK what and why should i make you comfortable in beliving against what you already do .. so lagge raho bhai ... good luck
 
India had provided a no-first-use guarantee that Pakistan ignored totally. All this chatter is disingenuous, and just a cover for the artificial agitation on display.
Unfortunately, from our perspective, it is India which isn't sincere or honest especially looking at past. From Blatant lying to accidental launches of delivery system inside Pakistan, it is not surprising to suspect intention and integrity.
The Washington Post reported on 03 June 1997 that India had moved some Prithvi missiles to a prospective launch site near the border in Punjab. The report, quoting US intelligence officials, claimed that "fewer than a dozen" missiles had been deployed near the city of Jullundur in the first operational deployment of the Prithvi missile. The US intelligence community was reportedly divided as to whether a fully operational launch capability had been deployed to Jullundur, with one source noting that "the best judgment" was that such a capability was not present. Although the Prithvi is an Army system, it is possible that the deployment was to the nearby Indian Air Force Adampur airbase, which would have facilitated aerial transport of the missiles from their Hyderabad garrison, as well as providing security and other support services.

The Prithvi missiles are stored in forward Ammunition depot located so that key military installations and major Pakistani towns fall within its range. The 333 Regiment with between two and four dozen Prithvi missiles was originally deployed near the Pakistan border at Jullundur, but as of mid-1999 was reportedly deloyed to a base in Secundrabad, central India.

India claims it's nuclear program was to counter Chinese threat, however for all practical terms, it's first deployment of nuclear-capable missile was not against China but directed towards Pakistan.
Prithvi-I has a 150 km range and a 1,000 kg payload. It has been in army service since 1994 and is capable of striking roughly a quarter of Pakistani territory, including Islamabad and most other major cities.
India publicly acknowledged that it had a CW program after ratifying the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 1997, but information on its chemical weapon stockpiles and production facilities remains strictly confidential. Under the CWC, India has declared three chemical weapon production facilities (CWPFs), two chemical weapon storage facilities (CWSFs), and two chemical weapon destruction facilities (CWDFs).
State declaration: India declared in June 1997 that it possessed a CW stockpile of 1,044 metric tons of mustard agent. India completed destruction of its stockpile in 2009.

India destroys its chemical weapons stockpile​


IANS | ByRitu Sharma, New Delhi

May 14, 2009 08:18 PM IST




India has informed the United Nations that it has destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become third country after South Korea and Albania to do so.​


India has informed the United Nations that it has destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become third country after South Korea and Albania to do so.

The government notified the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) on March 26 of the fulfilment of its obligations to “completely destroy” its declared chemical weapons stockpile.




“The OPCW inspectors finalised all necessary on-site activities to allow termination of systematic verification of destruction, and ceased their physical presence at the facility as of the end of March 2009," Michael Luhan, OPCW's head of Media and Public Affairs, told IANS in an e-mail from The Hague in The Netherlands, where the regulator is based.


"In addition, our inspectors confirmed the completion of destruction of the former chemical weapons production facility, which had been temporarily converted for chemical weapons destruction purposes,” he added.


After denying the possession of chemical weapons for years, India in June 1997 declared a stockpile of 1,044 tonnes of sulphur mustard. At that time, less than two percent of the chemical was filled into artillery shells and the remainder was stored in bulk containers.


India's declaration came after the entry into force of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) that created the OPCW. On Jan 14, 1993 India become an original signatory to the CWC.


Applauding India's compliance to the international convention the OPCW Director-General Rogelio Pfirter said during the opening of the 56th Session of the OPCW on April 21: “A key result achieved (in the area of chemical disarmament) during the last three months is... the fulfilment by India of its obligations to completely destroy its declared chemical weapons stockpile. On 26 March 2009, India notified the Technical Secretariat accordingly.”



“I wish to sincerely, warmly, and emphatically congratulate India on this laudable achievement, which is the result of a consistent and unwavering commitment shown by India since entry into force of the Convention. This attainment further strengthens the Convention as an effective instrument for promoting the objectives of peace and security,” Pfirter said.


The Chemical Weapons Convention divides toxic chemicals and precursors that could be used as chemical weapons or that could be used in the manufacture of chemical weapons into three categories.


Category one comprises chemicals that have been used as weapons in the past and/or have very few or no peaceful uses, and thus pose the most direct threat to the convention.


Category two chemicals are primarily precursors to category one chemicals, and most have some industrial uses.


Chemicals in the third category are produced in large quantities commercially but in some cases were used as chemical warfare agents and can also serve as precursors to category one or two chemicals.


Giving details of the elimination process, CBW Magazine published by Indian defence ministry funded think tank Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses, said that by 1999, India destroyed one percent of its stockpile to meet the CWC's phase one requirements.


Phase two of the convention required the destruction of 20 percent of the stockpile by April 2002. By November 2003, India had destroyed 45 percent of its declared category, one stockpile six months ahead of schedule.


And in January 2008 the government declared it had destroyed over 75 percent of its chemical weapons stockpile and reiterated its commitment to eliminate the balance by 2009.

India ratified the CWC in 1996, and in 1997 declared a stockpile of 1,044 tons of Sulfur Mustard. 1 Destruction was completed in 2009 making it the third state to completely destroy its chemical weapons stockpile. 2
CWC was first signed in 1993. However, here's an agreement between India and Pakistan a year earlier in 1992 where India declared that it had no stockpile. ("
reaffirming their respective unilateral declarations of non-possession of chemical weapons")
Joint Declaration on the
Complete Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

The Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Government of the
Republic of India,
Reaffirming their commitment to durable peace and the development of friendly and
harmonious relations;
Conscious of the role of confidence building measures in promoting such bilateral
relations based on mutual trust and goodwill;
Recognizing that disarmament agreements constitute an important confidence
building measure;
Reaffirming their respective unilateral declarations of non-possession of chemical
weapons;
Convinced that a complete and effective prohibition of chemical weapons will
contribute to the security of all States;
Reaffirming their respective commitment to the Protocol for Prohibition of the Use in
War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of
Warfare, signed in Geneva on 17 June 1925 and recalling the relevant resolutions of the
General Assembly upholding the validity of the 1925 Geneva Protocol;
Reiterating the need for the early conclusion within the framework of the Conference
on Disarmament of a global convention for the complete and effective prohibition of the
development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their
destruction.
Hereby declare that:
1. They undertake never under any circumstances:
a) to develop, produce or otherwise acquire chemical weapons;
b) to use chemical weapons;
c) to assist, encourage or induce, in any way, anyone to engage in development,
production, acquisition, stockpiling or use of chemical weapons.
2. They would cooperate with each other, in finalization and adoption of a
comprehensive Chemical Weapons Convention which ensures the security of all states
and encourages the full utilization of achievements in the field of chemistry for peaceful
purposes, especially for economic development of the developing countries.
3. They reiterate their resolve to become original States party to the proposed
Convention currently being drafted in the Conference on Disarmament.
4. They would exercise their right to develop their chemical industry and related
applications and products only for peaceful purposes and for the welfare of their
peoples.
In witness whereof, the duly authorized representatives of the two Governments have
hereto signed this Declaration and affix thereto their seals.
Done at New Delhi on this Nineteenth day of August of the year one thousand nine
hundred and ninety two.
[Signed:]
Shaharyar M. Khan J. N. Dixit
Foreign Secretary Foreign Secretary
Islamic Republic of Pakistan Republic of India

I quoted the above to highlight how Indian in writing has lied in the past and thus, it is only reasonable to conclude that whenever it comes to Pakistan, India has to credibility.
 
Unfortunately, from our perspective, it is India which isn't sincere or honest especially looking at past. From Blatant lying to accidental launches of delivery system inside Pakistan, it is not surprising to suspect intention and integrity.
Astonishing that you overlook three wars launched first as subterfuge then revealed as a conspiracy at the top of your military echelons. The blatant lying is difficult to spot, given the torrent of mendacity against which it has to contest. As for the accidental discharge, since your defenders accepted it at face value, why not try not to fire your rifle from their shoulders?

India claims it's nuclear program was to counter Chinese threat, however for all practical terms, it's first deployment of nuclear-capable missile was not against China but directed towards Pakistan.
The flexibility and lissome nature of our western neighbour's propaganda has to be acknowledged.

First, we have a huge number of warheads and missiles to carry those warheads deployed uniquely towards India as a target.

Second, we have elaborate and lacey conspiracy theories built around a newspaper report about one battery of SRBMs that may or may not have been deployed with full-fledged launch capability at Jullundur. Just to make the entire effort additionally ridiculous, the ultimate location of this one - ONE - missile battery at a location remote from any border, and obviously intended to be a rear-echelon storage is actually mentioned, without much thought about the laughable nature of the threat.

On the basis of this one nonsensical newspaper report, we have an entire Trump Tower built about the primary targets of these missiles.

It seems that like petrol-pumps, location is everything for Internet patriots.

I quoted the above to highlight how Indian in writing has lied in the past and thus, it is only reasonable to conclude that whenever it comes to Pakistan, India has to credibility.
A look at that humble artefact, the calendar, might have helped to understand how an absent stockpile in 1992-93 might be a stockpile in 1996.
 
That eej ay Bong accent, Saar. You hyper-Aryans may not be familiar weeth eet.
Invented a new terminology now, hyper aryans? Now we starting to define indianess on some kind of pseudo race? And then hyper or non hyper? That is on same level of casteism.

In one thread debunk the Aryan theory, in other flaunt it on your own people?

Is it some kind of selective amnesia, sirji?

You should use similar kind of terminologies for Pakistanis too, you know which slur I am talking about. That would be fair game then.
 
Actually in my opinion even Agni 5 can be used in case of war with Pakistan....
Suppose Pakistan nukes Easter coastal cities like Vishakapatnam or Kolkata in that case India can use longer range missiles from Andaman islands or from some SSBN in bob..... agreed china is the main focus but it can be used against Pakistan as well as per the requirements.
Agni 5 is 5K range. Andaman to Pakistan will be 3K.
 
Agni 5 is 5K range. Andaman to Pakistan will be 3K.
Yes bro my point is in general we can't say that longer range missiles are always for China.....

What if Pakistan succeed in taking out nearby missile launching sites before we launch?

In that case we will have to depend on our other longer range missiles which may force us to launch missiles from Arunachal or Andaman or from some SSBN.....
 
Invented a new terminology now, hyper aryans? Now we starting to define indianess on some kind of pseudo race? And then hyper or non hyper? That is on same level of casteism.

In one thread debunk the Aryan theory, in other flaunt it on your own people?

Is it some kind of selective amnesia, sirji?

You should use similar kind of terminologies for Pakistanis too, you know which slur I am talking about. That would be fair game then.
It was a joke, admittedly a bad one, and I am intrigued to note it hit a nerve in you.
Some of the things you have stated are weird.
Indian-ness, whatever that bizarre expression may denote, came nowhere in any wording. It sounds like your own coinage intended to drag in India and Indian -Indian-ness is neither - to support your synthetic postures. It doesn't work very well. It doesn't work at all, in fact. Quite clearly, it is a poor excuse for striking that self-righteous pose.
It gets worse.
Only a determined effort at finding fault could conflate the terms hyper or non-hyper with any kind of casteism. It seems to be a determined effort at claiming the moral high ground by aligning yourself with progressive views, but sadly those borrowed feathers look quite odd. You are not progressive, just another common or garden xenophobe on this forum to create the maximum disruption.
Then we have the Aryan theory make an appearance. Again, trying to sound progressive without the slightest idea what progressive values and positions mean sinks rapidly. There was no debunking of any kind of Aryan theory whatever. It sounds like an ill-informed attempt to climb on to the totally artificial controversy about Aryans, without quite getting to learn that Aryan as a race is a joke, or that Aryan remains only as a signifier of the language family, Indo-Aryan, that entered South Asia with the migrants from the steppes.
How this disastrous foray into academic controversy gets mixed up with 'flaunting it on your own people' is very difficult to work out, considering that 'my people's, Indians, not Indian-ness, constitute speakers of Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Austric languages and Tibeto-Burman languages. How can a facetious reference to hyper-Aryans fit into this complex situation? The only answer can be that it lies in monumental ignorance and hugely confused thinking.
Then we have a mysterious reference to amnesia.
Apparently there is a master word of great power to be used against Pakistanis, and I am urged to use it. Why exactly should anyone do that? Is national, ethnic or racial abuse the purpose of our posting on this forum? Why exactly is the person making this incendiary suggestion here, in the first place? For abusing others? Or even for zealously patrolling threads, to detect any possible, conceivable, imaginable slur on a particular sib-type?
 
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Astonishing that you overlook three wars launched first as subterfuge then revealed as a conspiracy at the top of your military echelons. The blatant lying is difficult to spot, given the torrent of mendacity against which it has to contest. As for the accidental discharge, since your defenders accepted it at face value, why not try not to fire your rifle from their shoulders?

The flexibility and lissome nature of our western neighbour's propaganda has to be acknowledged.

First, we have a huge number of warheads and missiles to carry those warheads deployed uniquely towards India as a target.

Second, we have elaborate and lacey conspiracy theories built around a newspaper report about one battery of SRBMs that may or may not have been deployed with full-fledged launch capability at Jullundur. Just to make the entire effort additionally ridiculous, the ultimate location of this one - ONE - missile battery at a location remote from any border, and obviously intended to be a rear-echelon storage is actually mentioned, without much thought about the laughable nature of the threat.

On the basis of this one nonsensical newspaper report, we have an entire Trump Tower built about the primary targets of these missiles.

It seems that like petrol-pumps, location is everything for Internet patriots.
Pakistan never shied away from stating that our sole purpose of nuclear program is Indian centric and it was due to this threat that Pakistan was not the first to introduce but certainly did not fail to deploy missiles aimed at India; especially after India declined all of our initiatives from Zero-Missile Zone in South Asia in 1993 (three staged -implementation plan) to previous ones both by Pakistan in 1991 like 5 nation conference including Russia, US and China. Similar ones proposed by US in 1991 and 1994 were also shot down by India.

The deployment of missiles were not based on mere media report but actually by our intel reports and also by American assessment. Only a fool would think that a nation that continued to follow military solution in the oldest UN dispute (Kashmir) involving Pakistan due to which we have had 3 wars (48,65,99) wouldn't deploy their missiles towards Pakistan, especially given our intel reports; not to mention the infamous "Operation Brasstacks" or the takeover the no-man's glacier in Siachen). In 1971, it was India that actually first attacked Pakistan. Even in 1965, it was India that crossed the international border first. It will be a off-topic to expand over it but my main point still stands that India has a history of blatant lying and can not be trusted.

India had cheated the agreement in 1956 with Canada by violating article 3 and Para 9 of the agreement with USA which eventually led to the 1974 nuclear test aka "Smiling Buddha" or what you people call, a Peaceful Nuclear Explosive (PNE). In a 1997 interview to a news agency, Ramanna – who passed away in 2004 -- did not mince words when he said: “It was a bomb. I can tell you now … an explosion is an explosion, a gun is a gun whether you shoot at someone or shoot at the ground. I just want to make it clear that the test was not all that peaceful.’’
Testing of a nuclear device is no different than detonation of a nuclear weapon. ~ Bhutto

India betrays its stances, statements and talk with its intentions and actions.

A look at that humble artefact, the calendar, might have helped to understand how an absent stockpile in 1992-93 might be a stockpile in 1996.
If only you would have spared your invaluable time to read what I had referred in the quoted text, your tone might have been less invective. I shall reproduce relevant text for you.
"...
Conscious of the role of confidence building measures in promoting such bilateral
relations based on mutual trust and goodwill;
Recognizing that disarmament agreements constitute an important confidence
building measure;

Reaffirming their respective unilateral declarations of non-possession of chemical
weapons
;
Convinced that a complete and effective prohibition of chemical weapons will
contribute to the security of all States; ...
Hereby declare that:
1. They undertake never under any circumstances:
a) to develop, produce or otherwise acquire chemical weapons;
b) to use chemical weapons;
c) to assist, encourage or induce, in any way, anyone to engage in development,
production, acquisition, stockpiling or use of chemical weapons
. ... "


Your can clarify to this poor ill-bred your stance on how India from having zero stockpile in 93 at the time of this commitment actually possessed some in 96? I shall in the meanwhile, patiently look at the 'humble artefact', the historical calender upon your advice.

Oh on that accidental launch, my defenders actually didn't accept it at face value. Yous should ask your defenders to actually be more responsible lest they might again shoot down own assets and personnel like in Feb 2019 when they downed their own helicopter or worse, they harm your own kin not during crises but in peacetime as the so called "accidental launch" God forbid, can hit Indian civilians too.

"Pakistan reiterates its concern on India’s irresponsible firing of BrahMos supersonic missile into Pakistani territory on March 9, 2022."
A year ago, a supersonic missile BrahMos was fired from Suratgarh India into Pakistani territory on March 9, 2022. It endangered human life and property and posed a grave threat to regional and international peace, security and stability. Pakistan demonstrated exemplary restraint which is testament of our systemic maturity and unflinching commitment to peace as a responsible nuclear state.The irresponsible act by India was in violation of international law, United Nations Charter, Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, civil aviation rules and safety protocols. It exposed many loopholes and technical lapses in the Indian system regarding handling of its strategic weapons.Despite the lapse of one year, the Government of India has not acceded to Pakistan’s demand of a joint probein order to accurately establish the facts surrounding this serious incident. India has also not shared findings of its internal inquiry with Pakistan. Its unilateral and hasty closure of the so-called internal inquiry have raised serious questions on the command and control systems in place in India for its strategic weapons.Pakistan reiterates its demand for joint probe into this irresponsible incident. We also expect satisfactory response to and clarification of several fundamental questions regarding security protocols and technical safeguards against accidental or unauthorized launch of missiles in a nuclearized environment.

 
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Pakistan never shied away from stating that our sole purpose of nuclear program is Indian centric and it was due to this threat that Pakistan was not the first to introduce but certainly did not fail to deploy missiles aimed at India; especially after India declined all of our initiatives from Zero-Missile Zone in South Asia in 1993 (three staged -implementation plan) to previous ones both by Pakistan in 1991 like 5 nation conference including Russia, US and China. Similar ones proposed by US in 1991 and 1994 were also shot down by India.
Saying out brazen that you had intentions of aggression doesn't help your case much.

The deployment of missiles were not based on mere media report but actually by our intel reports and also by American assessment. Only a fool would think that a nation that continued to follow military solution in the oldest UN dispute (Kashmir) involving Pakistan due to which we have had 3 wars (48,65,99) wouldn't deploy their missiles towards Pakistan, especially given our intel reports; not to mention the infamous "Operation Brasstacks" or the takeover the no-man's glacier in Siachen). In 1971, it was India that actually first attacked Pakistan. Even in 1965, it was India that crossed the international border first. It will be a off-topic to expand over it but my main point still stands that India has a history of blatant lying and can not be trusted.
Please do keep in mind that your intel has been pathetic in each of the three armed conflicts between the two nations, and during the Kargil incursion as well. To be told that some decision or the other has been based on your 'intel', the same body that sits back helplessly and witnesses the selective assassination of the worst offenders that they had themselves nurtured and promoted is not very encouraging.

As for that sweeping statement about military solutions, it is laughable. Raiders were not peaceful, candle-holding activists putting moral pressure on their opposition, they were looting, raping and murdering - their victims mainly Kashmiri Muslims - before they were driven out by military counter-attacks. The other examples given are equally juvenile and childish, and disproved again and again, not by Indians, not by international figures, but by Pakistanis in positions of authority themselves. Don't, please, force this dead horse to go through its paces to solace yourself. Your passage above is utterly hypocritical.

India had cheated the agreement in 1956 with Canada by violating article 3 and Para 9 of the agreement with USA which eventually led to the 1974 nuclear test aka "Smiling Buddha" or what you people call, a Peaceful Nuclear Explosive (PNE). In a 1997 interview to a news agency, Ramanna – who passed away in 2004 -- did not mince words when he said: “It was a bomb. I can tell you now … an explosion is an explosion, a gun is a gun whether you shoot at someone or shoot at the ground. I just want to make it clear that the test was not all that peaceful.’’
Testing of a nuclear device is no different than detonation of a nuclear weapon. ~ Bhutto

India betrays its stances, statements and talk with its intentions and actions.
Should we have taken the help of the rogue state of North Korea instead, and done the usual paint-job that Pakistan does with all its weaponry that is not openly imported? I do not defend the decision to build and to test the bomb, or to manufacture it in large numbers, but certainly it was in the same mode of aggressive weapons race that Pakistan had specialised in from the very outset, exactly parallel to India's most steadfast neutrality from either bloc, in spite of the greatest blandishments.

If only you would have spared your invaluable time to read what I had referred in the quoted text, your tone might have been less invective. I shall reproduce relevant text for you.
"...
Conscious of the role of confidence building measures in promoting such bilateral
relations based on mutual trust and goodwill;
Recognizing that disarmament agreements constitute an important confidence
building measure;

Reaffirming their respective unilateral declarations of non-possession of chemical
weapons
;
Convinced that a complete and effective prohibition of chemical weapons will
contribute to the security of all States; ...
Hereby declare that:
1. They undertake never under any circumstances:
a) to develop, produce or otherwise acquire chemical weapons;
b) to use chemical weapons;
c) to assist, encourage or induce, in any way, anyone to engage in development,
production, acquisition, stockpiling or use of chemical weapons
. ... "

https://www.the-trench.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/19920819-India-Pakistan-Joint-CW-declaration.pdf
Your can clarify to this poor ill-bred your stance on how India from having zero stockpile in 93 at the time of this commitment actually possessed some in 96? I shall in the meanwhile, patiently look at the 'humble artefact', the historical calender upon your advice.
I am sorry that you punish yourself as a poor ill-bred. It is wrong and insulting, and the object of those who do not agree with your arguments will be your knowledge and your information, and your determinedly intransigent, old-school adherence to a manufactured narrative that projects your champions as being as pure as the driven snow, and all Indian actions and achievements as being designed to destroy that body of champions, even the nation they seek to represent itself.

Instead of such resorting to tears and self-pity, consider that your chosen opponent has industrial capacity that you cannot imagine. Let us leave it at that, without resorting to another insulting passage of listing the industrial and manufacturing things that Pakistan cannot do, that India does as a matter of daily routine.

Finally, the Brahmos missile firing.

If it had been a deliberate plot, surely it would have been buried in nameless and anonymous obscurity.
 
Unfortunately, from our perspective, it is India which isn't sincere or honest especially looking at past. From Blatant lying to accidental launches of delivery system inside Pakistan, it is not surprising to suspect intention and integrity.

India claims it's nuclear program was to counter Chinese threat, however for all practical terms, it's first deployment of nuclear-capable missile was not against China but directed towards Pakistan.





CWC was first signed in 1993. However, here's an agreement between India and Pakistan a year earlier in 1992 where India declared that it had no stockpile. ("
reaffirming their respective unilateral declarations of non-possession of chemical weapons")

I quoted the above to highlight how Indian in writing has lied in the past and thus, it is only reasonable to conclude that whenever it comes to Pakistan, India has to credibility.
Let’s be real, the Indians will never have the courage to use these weapons against China.

The Chinese just captured a thousand square kilometers of Indian held territory in Ladakh - the Indians did not dare utter China’s name for months after.

On the other hand the Indians never hesitate to blame and war monger against Pakistan
 
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