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Pakistan Navy’s concept of operation against India has always been centred on employment of its forces for ‘Sea Denial’. During the 1971 war, Pakistan Navy’s (PN) focus was on targeting Indian ships with its submarines till India was able to blockade Karachi harbour, its leading commercial port and economic hub. But,PN was successful in its efforts when INS Khukri,a frigate of the Indian Navy was sunk off the coast of Diu, Gujarat by the Pakistan Navy Daphné-class submarine Hangor on 09 Dec 1971.
The three Agosta 90-B submarines of French design , Upgraded recently, form the core of Pakistan’s current submarine fleet. With 8 Yuan Class AIP Attack submarines Hangor class on order from China.
Continuing with AA/AD Strategy , on 23 July 15,Pakistan Navy approved purchase of eight S20 class submarines from China for $5 billion. Most of the analysts believe that Yuan-class submarine was designed primarily as an attack submarine with a secondary role as an anti-ship cruise missile (ASCM) platform capable of operating in shallow littorals.
PN will have the flexibility of deploying these boats around choke points off Indian coast, on defensive tasks off Makaran coast or on mid ocean targeting tasks against Indian merchant marine/ warships. In a conventional role, because of its modern sonar and the tactical flexibility provided by the AIP system it will undoubtedly be an effective ASCM platform against enemy’s ships. However, a limitation in the form of missile load may restrict its effectiveness as an ideal ASCM platform. In the
absence of any vertical launch system (VLS), it is obvious that the existing six torpedo tubes will be used to load a mix of missiles YJ-18 and torpedoes.
The modern non-nuclear, conventional diesel-electric submarine (SSK) with air independent propulsion (AIP) system is a complex, multi-role and extremely powerful weapon system. The submarine is able to deploy a wide range of weapons such as:torpedoes, anti-ship missiles, land attack missiles, mines, unmanned underwater vehicles,self defence systems and even provide accommodation and support for a team of Special Forces.
Consequently, the vessel can conduct various missions from anti submarine, anti-surface vessels warfare through land strikes with cruise missiles to intelligence,surveillance and reconnaissance operations.
Therefore, modern SSKs can play the role of a semi strategic weapon which will have a decisive effect on future air-sea battlefields.Naval operations have changed significantly compared to the Cold War period. Operations at sea have moved from the ‘‘blue water’’ open ocean to the ‘‘brown water’’ shallow, costal environment.
As a result, the importance of smaller and quieter conventional submarines has significantly increased.
The VLS Capable AIP equipped SSK Localised Assembly Program* will play an important role in the Anti-Access / Area Denial operational concept of countries such as Pakistan that aim to block access to combat zones and increase their much fancied adversaries’ naval vessels' vulnerability to lethal attacks. in Arabian Ocean. And flexibility to arm weapons of choice with systems integrated as per needs & budget available - it may be termed as the JF-17 Thunder of Pakistan Navy.
The ToT signed for Type -039 Boats from China recently by Pakistan , growing exchange with STM, Availability of Chinese Sterling AIP , Trials of Type -039c Stealth Sub and previous exposure from Agosta -90B Modernisation and putting SLCM puts Pak Navy in a position to pursue the Program with Jinnah Class Frigates in 2026 - 2030 onward.
PNS Hamza, one of the three Agosta 90-B submarines was commissioned and assembled at the Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works(KSEW) in 2008.
A future PN Attack Sumarine AIP Attack submarine Fleet of over 18+3+4* in numbers , with Shallow water assets , can wait at Ocean bed with Long endurance for its target to come, it is not an ocean race.
The AIP system makes it able to operate over 30 days in stealth modes. New submarines have similar endurance as nuclear submarine, operating for 70 days or more. A VLS is a modern type of missile-firing system used aboard submarines and surface vessels of several navies around the world. When installed on an attack submarine, a VLS allows a greater number and variety of weapons to be deployed in comparison to using only torpedo tubes. Developing the horizontal launching tube requires more sophisticated technology than the VLS development.
As for Indian Navy - When the P75I Project began - Two major Conditions were inked :
1- Contender Sub will have AIP (air independent power).
2- The second is that they would prefer a VLS to launch Brahmos anti-ship missiles.
Taken together, the P75I will have to be much larger than previous Indian navy conventional submarines.
France’s Naval Group DCN then offered Indian Navy a diesel-electric version of their Barracuda nuclear submarine. . The French AIP system uses fuel-cells with a diesel reformer to eliminate the need for onboard hydrogen storage. It has been shore tested for years. Barracuda simply had its size to its advantage. The hull diameter of around 8.5 meters is the largest of the competitors. This should make it comparatively less challenging to fit a VLS, even with the massive Brahmos missile.
Even with modern technology - Detecting, tracking and locating SSKs is a challenging task, even for the most advanced Navies.
For instance, the US Navy has constantly struggled to effectively detect diesel-electric submarines. In 2005, the Gotland Swedish AIP-equipped submarinewas leased with a crew to the US Navy.
During a war gaming exercise with the USSRonald Reagan Carrier Strike Group on December 2005, the Swedish submarine penetrated the defence of a carrier battle group and managed to “sink” the aircraft carrier,while remaining undetected. Similarly, US vessels have often experienced such defeats atthe hands of the South Korean type 209 and 214 SSKs during the biannual Rim.
www.stm.com.tr
www.navalnews.com
quwa.org
The three Agosta 90-B submarines of French design , Upgraded recently, form the core of Pakistan’s current submarine fleet. With 8 Yuan Class AIP Attack submarines Hangor class on order from China.
Continuing with AA/AD Strategy , on 23 July 15,Pakistan Navy approved purchase of eight S20 class submarines from China for $5 billion. Most of the analysts believe that Yuan-class submarine was designed primarily as an attack submarine with a secondary role as an anti-ship cruise missile (ASCM) platform capable of operating in shallow littorals.
PN will have the flexibility of deploying these boats around choke points off Indian coast, on defensive tasks off Makaran coast or on mid ocean targeting tasks against Indian merchant marine/ warships. In a conventional role, because of its modern sonar and the tactical flexibility provided by the AIP system it will undoubtedly be an effective ASCM platform against enemy’s ships. However, a limitation in the form of missile load may restrict its effectiveness as an ideal ASCM platform. In the
absence of any vertical launch system (VLS), it is obvious that the existing six torpedo tubes will be used to load a mix of missiles YJ-18 and torpedoes.
The modern non-nuclear, conventional diesel-electric submarine (SSK) with air independent propulsion (AIP) system is a complex, multi-role and extremely powerful weapon system. The submarine is able to deploy a wide range of weapons such as:torpedoes, anti-ship missiles, land attack missiles, mines, unmanned underwater vehicles,self defence systems and even provide accommodation and support for a team of Special Forces.
Consequently, the vessel can conduct various missions from anti submarine, anti-surface vessels warfare through land strikes with cruise missiles to intelligence,surveillance and reconnaissance operations.
Therefore, modern SSKs can play the role of a semi strategic weapon which will have a decisive effect on future air-sea battlefields.Naval operations have changed significantly compared to the Cold War period. Operations at sea have moved from the ‘‘blue water’’ open ocean to the ‘‘brown water’’ shallow, costal environment.
As a result, the importance of smaller and quieter conventional submarines has significantly increased.
The VLS Capable AIP equipped SSK Localised Assembly Program* will play an important role in the Anti-Access / Area Denial operational concept of countries such as Pakistan that aim to block access to combat zones and increase their much fancied adversaries’ naval vessels' vulnerability to lethal attacks. in Arabian Ocean. And flexibility to arm weapons of choice with systems integrated as per needs & budget available - it may be termed as the JF-17 Thunder of Pakistan Navy.
The ToT signed for Type -039 Boats from China recently by Pakistan , growing exchange with STM, Availability of Chinese Sterling AIP , Trials of Type -039c Stealth Sub and previous exposure from Agosta -90B Modernisation and putting SLCM puts Pak Navy in a position to pursue the Program with Jinnah Class Frigates in 2026 - 2030 onward.
PNS Hamza, one of the three Agosta 90-B submarines was commissioned and assembled at the Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works(KSEW) in 2008.
A future PN Attack Sumarine AIP Attack submarine Fleet of over 18+3+4* in numbers , with Shallow water assets , can wait at Ocean bed with Long endurance for its target to come, it is not an ocean race.
The AIP system makes it able to operate over 30 days in stealth modes. New submarines have similar endurance as nuclear submarine, operating for 70 days or more. A VLS is a modern type of missile-firing system used aboard submarines and surface vessels of several navies around the world. When installed on an attack submarine, a VLS allows a greater number and variety of weapons to be deployed in comparison to using only torpedo tubes. Developing the horizontal launching tube requires more sophisticated technology than the VLS development.
As for Indian Navy - When the P75I Project began - Two major Conditions were inked :
1- Contender Sub will have AIP (air independent power).
2- The second is that they would prefer a VLS to launch Brahmos anti-ship missiles.
Taken together, the P75I will have to be much larger than previous Indian navy conventional submarines.
France’s Naval Group DCN then offered Indian Navy a diesel-electric version of their Barracuda nuclear submarine. . The French AIP system uses fuel-cells with a diesel reformer to eliminate the need for onboard hydrogen storage. It has been shore tested for years. Barracuda simply had its size to its advantage. The hull diameter of around 8.5 meters is the largest of the competitors. This should make it comparatively less challenging to fit a VLS, even with the massive Brahmos missile.
Even with modern technology - Detecting, tracking and locating SSKs is a challenging task, even for the most advanced Navies.
For instance, the US Navy has constantly struggled to effectively detect diesel-electric submarines. In 2005, the Gotland Swedish AIP-equipped submarinewas leased with a crew to the US Navy.
During a war gaming exercise with the USSRonald Reagan Carrier Strike Group on December 2005, the Swedish submarine penetrated the defence of a carrier battle group and managed to “sink” the aircraft carrier,while remaining undetected. Similarly, US vessels have often experienced such defeats atthe hands of the South Korean type 209 and 214 SSKs during the biannual Rim.
China to build four submarines in Karachi
Hussain says that the deal for the acquisition of submarines had been finalised and four of them would be built here.
www.dawn.com
STM - Turkish Navy New Type Submarine Project
Visit the page to see the details about the Turkish Navy New Type Submarine Project (Reis-class), designed by STM.
www.stm.com.tr
Kawasaki Heavy Industry unveils new submarine concept with VLS - Naval News
Japan's KHI unveiled its new submarine concept for the JMSDF. The design features vertical launch systems (VLS).
www.navalnews.com
Understanding Pakistan’s submarine plans - Quwa
An analysis of the Pakistan Navy’s recent purchase of eight conventional submarines from China, especially in terms of propulsion & strategic deterrence…
quwa.org
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