If you have to pin it on a singular factor, then none qualifies more than the rise of Turks both in Ottoman and Mughal Empires respectively, the first controlling the whole world trade through it's strategic location and the latter being the biggest economy in the world, neither cultivated or patronized science and learning with their enormous resources.
Both were engaged in complacency, opulence, luxurious lifestyles and debauchery with their harems and useless monument building and patronage of sufi charlatans and singers/dancers.
Not exactly. The ruler's patronage came in result of the overall society's pursuit of knowledge. When the power centers in the late Abbasid period weakend, the gaps were filled by religious 'extremists' who exploited the common man's lack of knowledge and abundance of insecurities/emotions to replace science with illiterate dogma. These were the same religious wannabe scholars who until then had been sidelined by the robust academic principles of the Muslim scholarly circles. The Mongol invasion destroyed the academic institutions and turned the power gaps into a vacuum leading to an epidemic of religious dogma trumping science and reason. Today, whose works have been refuted and debunked for hundreds of years are afforded Devine authority without reason.
The decadence of the Mughals and the Ottomans came in the later half, just as it did with the Arabs.
We know that only those converted to Islam during Mughal Rule, who were very poor and mostly from Dalit caste of Hindus.
Those who were not able to pay Jaziya Tax, those who looking for economic help from Mughal government in case of adopting Islam, were belonging to poorest Caste of Hindu community
So they decided to convert and pay more in Zakaat? These desperate attempts at reconciling the cognitive dissonance born from your own people rejecting your ways for the other are a little archaic, no?
What islamic rise? Post industrial world was completely dominated by west. Before that muslims were not particularly anything special compared to others, especially the so called golden age of Islam is nothing special. Must of Islam expansion can be thanked to Turks converting.
Every single thing that you've mentioned is nonsense. Modern advanced Mathematics', Physics', Medicine's, and Chemistry's foundations were laid by Muslim scholars during that time and industrialization was later built upon it. Half the sky has Arabic names. The Arab/Muslim empire was the largest, most powerful, and most advanced empire the world had seen until then. The West, itself, readily acknowledges all of this. Below was the largest extent of the Ummayyad Empire. Please let us know exactly how much further did the Turks spread it.
golden age....what are you referring to!
how can you say such a thing?
no evidence
the invention or conceptualisation of zero is all well and good.
but they didnt get much out if it did they? how is that a golden age?
The Indus Valley Civilization was a marvel at its time and a true golden age for those people, along side the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Chinese. It pioneered ways in agriculture, governance, trade, industry, and city planning. It was probably the most peaceful and well off major civilization that the world has ever seen, relatively speaking.
