In terms of foundational industries, Turkey even lags behind Malaysia and Iran.
Malaysia’s industrial supply chains are deeply integrated into the global economic system, including those of China and the United States. Its foundational industries, such as semiconductors and electronics, are far stronger than Turkey’s.
Iran has endured more than forty years of sanctions and developed a comprehensive industrial system, although it is not particularly advanced. Since Iran has no fundamental conflicts with the United States, Russia, or China, it could develop rapidly once it corrects its foreign-policy course.
As for Turkey, none of the United States, the European Union, or China is willing to genuinely transfer core technologies to it.