Tibet border defence village, free house and $10,000 per person a year

What are the requirements to avail of this package from the government?
 
What are the requirements to avail of this package from the government?
Voluntarily live in the border region to keep an eye on India for the government.
 

China building villages near Doklam in Bhutan, close to India’s ‘chicken’s neck’: Report​

China has constructed around 22 villages in Bhutan's territory since the 2017 Doklam standoff, with eight located near the strategic plateau. These settlements pose a potential risk to the Siliguri Corridor, India's vital link to its northeastern states and are close to Chinese military bases.

Livemint
Updated18 Dec 2024, 09:58 AM IST

Chinese observers in India have found new satellite images indicating increasing presence of Chinese villages near Doklam in Bhutan.
Chinese observers in India have found new satellite images indicating increasing presence of Chinese villages near Doklam in Bhutan.

Nearly eight years after the India-China standoff near Bhutan's Doklam, multiple Chinese settlements appeared near the strategic location. According to a Hindustan Times report, China has built around 22 villages and settlements in Bhutan's territory over the past eight years.
Eight out of the twenty-two villages spotted in satellite data were close to the Doklam plateau, located in Bhutan. These villages are strategically located in a valley or ridge and could increase the vulnerability of the Siliguri Corridor, also known as “chicken's neck.” The narrow stretch is the only gateway for India to the rest of the northeastern states.

China villages in Bhutan's territory​

Jiwu is reportedly one of the largest villages constructed by China in Bhutan's territory. According to HT, the village has been developed on traditional Bhutanese pastureland known as Tshethangkha. It is located in the western sector.

Eight Chinese settlements are strategically located in a valley or a ridge, and many are very close to Chinese military outposts or bases. So far there has been no confirmed information on the matter.

India-China Doklam standoff​

The India-China border issue in 2017 was the standoff between the Indian Armed Forces and the People's Liberation Military of China over the construction of a Chinese structure in Doklam, next to the Donglang trijunction boundary or Dongliang Caochang.
Troops of India and China were locked in a 73-day-long standoff in Doklam since 16 June, 2017 after the Indian side stopped the building of a road in the disputed area by the Chinese Army. Bhutan and China have a dispute over Doklam. The MEA on 28 August, 2017 had announced that both sides were disengaging from the face-off site.

Why Chicken's Neck is so important for India?​

Chicken's Neck is a term famously used for the Siliguri Corridor, apparently because it is one of the narrowest corridors in India. The stretch of land around Siliguri in West Bengal is geo-politial and geo-economical corridor which connects the seven states of northeast India to the rest of India.

 

China building 90 villages along Arunachal border​

Reinforcing Tibet-Nepal frontier with major infra

AJAY BANERJEE

New Delhi, Updated At : 06:03 AM Feb 20, 2025 IST​


high

Two recent developments in Tibet are being closely monitored by security experts.

Two recent developments in Tibet are being closely monitored by security experts. First, China is establishing 90 new village settlements along its side of the Line of Actual Control (LAC). In a separate move, Beijing is significantly enhancing infrastructure at the historic border crossing between Tibet and Mustang in Nepal, a route frequently used by Tibetan refugees attempting to escape the Chinese communist regime.

Sources have informed The Tribune that the 90 new settlements are part of China’s expansion of what it calls “prosperous villages” or “Xiaokang” along the LAC, including areas opposite Arunachal Pradesh. These villages not only bolster China’s territorial claims but also strengthen its military preparedness along the LAC, a border that remains undemarcated on the ground.

To date, China has established a total of 628 such villages, with the current 90 villages forming part of its latest expansion. The sources also note that China is seeking to create a legal defence under the Border Defence Cooperation Agreement (2005) with India, which addresses border settlements and local populations residing along the border. According to Article VII of the agreement, “The two sides shall safeguard the due interests of their settled populations in the border areas.” So, as and when a situation arises to demarcate the LAC, these villages do not get disturbed in any such exercise.

India too has its own border village initiative, which includes upgrading existing villages in Arunachal Pradesh under the ongoing Vibrant Villages Programme. This initiative was inaugurated on April 13, 2023, at Kibithoo in far-east Arunachal Pradesh, and aims to upgrade a total of 2,963 villages over the next 10 years.

The second development concerns China’s transformation of operations at the Korala border crossing between Tibet and Mustang in Nepal. This border, historically a passage for Tibetan refugees, has seen the construction of massive infrastructure, including buildings and accommodations on the Chinese side.

 

India has long promised 'vibrant' border villages, as China speedily builds up​

FEBRUARY 17, 20267:30 AM ET
By Omkar Khandekar, Emily Feng, Pankaj Dhungel

GANGTOK, India — Nearly four years ago, Indian Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman told the Parliament she had big plans for India's border villages.

"Border villages with sparse population, limited connectivity and infrastructure often get left out from developmental gains," she said, while announcing the government's spending budget for 2022-2023.

She unveiled the Vibrant Villages Programme, aiming to undo the neglect of thousands of communities on the border. Its first phase started with more than 600 villages along India's 2,100-mile-long border with China, many high up in the forbidding Himalayan plateau.

The finance minister didn't say it, but India's initiative appeared to be a response to China's decade-long buildup of troops and military and civilian infrastructure along their shared border.

搜狗截图20260218111302.png
Today, there's a tale of two borderlands in the Himalayas. China has systematically fortified its borders with India, as well as neighboring Nepal and Bhutan, creating hundreds of villages next to these South Asian countries along Chinese-controlled Tibet, and moving tens of thousands of civilians there. Analysts say the authorities in Beijing hope they will act as the state's "eyes and ears" along the disputed border, and that many of the villages double as military bases.

Meanwhile, many of India's development projects on the border sputter along without a deadline, often stymied by its slow-moving bureaucracy. As a result, youth are moving away from the villages to towns and cities downhill for jobs and education.

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A sign in India's Sikkim state bordering China reads "Caution: You are under Chinese observation." In eastern parts of the state, Indian security forces have put up such signs to warn people of surveillance.
Omkar Khandekar/NPR

For years, analysts have accused the Chinese army of "salami slicing." It's a tactic in which one country occupies its rival's areas by chipping away at its borders. The emptying out of India's border villages, they say, could further embolden China to enter areas that India calls its own.

That's already started happening, says researcher Vinayak Bhat, who worked as a satellite analyst with the Indian army until 2015. Of more than 600 Chinese villages built near its border with India so far, he says at least 10 are located in disputed areas.

In 2021, India's Foreign Ministry accused China of "undertaking construction activities" along the border and "in areas it has illegally occupied" in Arunachal Pradesh state. China denied this, saying the construction was "on its own territory."

India's Vibrant Villages initiative was meant to bolster civilian presence along the disputed border. It sought to draw more locals and tourists to its remote villages, by ensuring reliable power and water supply, building playgrounds and community centers, creating jobs and boosting the local economy.

In February this year, India's interior ministry said it had approved development projects worth more than $350 million in the past four years. It also claimed to have carried out thousands of awareness campaigns, training and capacity building activities, health and veterinary camps, and tourism promotional activities.

In at least three border districts, residents were seen returning to their villages, the ministry said.

But NPR's recent visit to one such region and interviews with residents in other areas reveal a wide gap between the government's plans, claims and execution.

Gnathang in the state of Sikkim
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New development
Source: Planet Labs PBC

The border village of Gnathang, in India's far-flung state of Sikkim, sits in a scenic valley of glacial lakes and grazing yaks, surrounded by the snow-capped Himalayas. Some of its roads run so close to China and Bhutan that cellular networks across the mountain ridges send texts to "welcome" users to their countries.

It's also a place where Indian and Chinese soldiers have locked horns in the past, most recently in 2017. Numerous Indian army camps thus dot these mountains, where slogans of guns and glory are scrawled on their walls. The ghost of Baba Harbhajan Singh, an Indian soldier who died in 1968, is believed to keep an eye on the patrolmen. Legend has it, if they get drowsy on the job, Baba smacks them awake.

But for many residents, the bigger battle is often with nature. In winter, eggs and onions turn rock-solid. There's no running water. The power and internet go off for days. People mostly hibernate in their wood-and-tin houses, burning firewood to brave the freezing cold.

Union Minister of Railways Ashwini Vaishnaw briefs the media on union cabinet decisions at National Media Centre on April 4, 2025 in New Delhi, India.

Indian Union Railways Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw briefs the media on Union Cabinet decisions at the National Media Centre on April 4, 2025, in New Delhi. Chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the Cabinet approved the Vibrant Villages Programme II to develop villages located along the country's international borders to enhance national security.
Sanjeev Verma/Hindustan Times via Getty Images

Under the Vibrant Villages Programme, the finance minister said, the government would transform such places. She promised to build roads and houses, promote tourism, extend welfare projects and create jobs.

That was in 2022.

"Since then, all we have received is one solar-powered lamp in our village," says Sonam Bhutia, the village leader of Gnathang. The streetlamp broke down in a month — but they had no one to turn to.

"Our legislators only visit twice in a five-year term: while campaigning for elections and for a victory lap," Bhutia says.

He says it's why only 750 people live there now, after more than 1,500 residents have left over the years. Hundreds of Indian border villages have emptied out as residents move to towns and cities in other parts of the country.

In the week NPR spent in Sikkim, more residents shared stories of unkept promises. Roads and cellphone connectivity did improve, helping draw more tourists. But power and internet were erratic, and locals had to move out for schools and medical treatment, they said.

Some blame the bureaucracy. Sherpa Sangpo Bhutia, the chief of Zuluk village, says he participated in several meetings with state officials over the past two years. The officials then submitted proposals to build a sports ground and cultural center in the village that has yet to materialize.

"I'm sure they're trying from their end," he says, "but it must be getting stuck somewhere."

The chasm between the government's promises and results worries researchers who study security in this area, as much of the border between India and China is disputed. And while India's construction lags, China has been aggressively building villages in the region and subsidizing new residents to move in.

China has steadily built up Himalayan villages along Tibet's southern borders with India, Nepal and nearby Bhutan since 2016. The remote villages are usually accessible only from the Chinese side, through freshly built roads linking them to bigger Chinese towns nearby.

China has also built villages in areas claimed by Bhutan, although China considers them part of its territory and populated them with Chinese citizens, according to research by China scholar Robert Barnett. His report in late 2024 documented 22 such villages.

Over the last decade, India and China have had several confrontations over the buildup of roads and infrastructure near the border. Tensions peaked in 2020, as a brawl in the high-altitude region of Ladakh killed at least 20 Indian soldiers, as well as an unconfirmed number of Chinese troops, and led to a two-year military standoff.

Researcher and satellite analyst Vinayak Bhat says many new Chinese villages have the potential to be military launchpads — even though the Chinese authorities portray them mainly as civilian settlements.

"China keeps claiming these are civilians who have come in and occupied those areas," says Bhat. "So what does one do? You can't kill them. You have to have talks. And that they're taking advantage of."

While India might not have the resources to build new villages to assert its territorial claims, Bhat says, it can control migration out of ones that already exist — by proper implementation of projects like Vibrant Villages.

For this report, NPR requested the Earth imaging company Planet Labs to share satellite images along India's border with China. These included nearly a dozen villages from the western region of Ladakh and the northeastern states of Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh in India. The images were from November 2022 and October-November 2025. NPR requested Bhat and Matthew Akestar, a Tibet scholar and researcher, to analyze them.

Both Bhat and Akestar say the images suggest India is prioritizing the construction of roads in the mountains. They also point to the increased construction alongside the roads, but say it isn't clear what the nature of the buildup is.

The overall progress, says Bhat, is "much slower. But I'm sure there are constraints and the people are realistic in taking decisions."

Konchok Stanzin, a former Indian legislator from the Himalayan territory of Ladakh, concurs that it's not easy to build in the Himalayan highlands. "Given the low temperatures, people can work only between April and October," he says.

But Stanzin observes that the speed and planning in infrastructure projects in India are in sharp contrast to those visible in Chinese villages across the border. He saw it himself a few years ago, while visiting Demchok village on the frontier.

"Indian officials sometimes only approve work in September," he says, when a biting cold is just about to set in. And when work does start, it drags on indefinitely.

"When Chinese authorities build a road, they bring along power lines too," Stanzin says. "But in India, they build a road, then dig it up for cables, then dig it up again for plumbing works. ... In the time it takes India to lay the foundation for a building, China completes the building."

At the other end of the border, the rural works minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Pasang Dorjee Sona, says central government officials in New Delhi often decide what they need without consulting local leaders. Their "desktop work," he says, has meant several border villages were left out of welfare activities.

"A lot of villages which are exactly on the border have been missed out" of the first phase of the Vibrant Villages Programme, he says. "And a lot of villages, where there has been no habitation for years, have made it to the list."

Sona adds that Indian bureaucrats often focus on building infrastructure but not making the facilities functional: Schools lack teachers; hospitals lack health care workers; cellular towers lack a stable network.

"Roads are coming up," he says, "but other sectors also need to be taken up in the same spirit."

India's interior ministry did not respond to NPR's requests for an interview. But Indra Hang Subba, a parliamentary legislator from Sikkim, says such delays are inherent to India's democratic system.

"If China wants to do one thing, they will do it," he says. "But in India, we do things with the consensus of the people. The pace would be a little slower, but the development will be equitable."

It's why, he says, it took two years to put together a list of projects worth $50 million in his Sikkim constituency. For the last few months, he's been waiting for approval from Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government.

Residents who have returned to Indian border villages wish the officials would hurry up.

Three years ago, Pema Sherpa quit her job in Delhi and returned to her hometown Kupup, in Sikkim state. She now looks after a grocery and snack shop along with her mother, serving rice, noodles and meat curries to tourists.

She says the new roads have brought in more customers — but the inadequate infrastructure makes everyday life a struggle.

"I have heard the Vibrant Village campaign is about reversing migration," she says. "But if you want people to return and establish themselves, basic services are needed. Even my siblings don't prefer staying here because of issues around power, mobile connectivity and internet."

For residents like Sherpa, the main challenge for most residents of India's border villages is not China. It's getting their own government to govern.


 
These are borrowed from China's history.

Quote:
Chinese ancient garrison cities, often referred to in historical texts as "jūnzhèn" (军镇) , were fortified settlements established primarily for military defense and to control strategic territories . They functioned as military bases, administrative centers, and symbols of imperial authority in borderlands or key logistical hubs .

🏛️ Core Concept and Historical Role

The concept of the garrison city has deep roots in Chinese history. The primary purpose was to project power, secure frontiers, and manage conquered or volatile regions . Key characteristics included:

· Defensive Architecture: They were heavily fortified with walls, and archaeological evidence shows features like "Wengcheng" (瓮城), a kind of crescent-shaped enclosure added outside a city gate for extra protection, dating back to the early Shang Dynasty .

· Dual Function: They served as military command centers and hubs for "tuntian" (屯田) , or military agriculture, where soldiers farmed to make the garrisons self-sufficient .

📜 Famous Examples Through the Dynasties

The specific names and locations of these garrisons changed as Chinese borders and strategic needs evolved. Here are some notable systems:

· Six Frontier Towns (Northern Wei Dynasty) : Established to defend against the Rouran Khaganate, these six towns—Woye, Huaishuo, Wuchuan, Fumin, Rouxuan, and Huaihuang—were located in the Hetao region (modern Inner Mongolia and Hebei). A rebellion here in 523 AD significantly weakened the Northern Wei, showing their military importance .
· Four Garrisons of Anxi (Tang Dynasty) : During the Tang Dynasty, the "Four Garrisons of Anxi"—Qiuci, Yanqi, Shule, and Yutian—were established in what is now Xinjiang. They formed a sophisticated defensive network to protect the Silk Road and project Tang power into Central Asia .
· Nine Garrisons (Ming Dynasty) : To secure the northern border and the Great Wall, the Ming Dynasty created the "Nine Garrisons." This system of fortified towns—including Liaodong, Jizhou, Xuanfu, Datong, and Yansui—housed hundreds of thousands of troops .
· Regional Garrisons (Ming and Qing Dynasties) : Garrison towns were also established in the south to control local populations and trade routes. For example, in Guangxi, towns like Zhaoping and Huangyao started as Ming military outposts and later evolved into commercial and administrative centers .
 
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Self-appointed sentry honored for diligence​

2021-08-02By DAQIONG and PALDEN NYIMA in Lhasa (China Daily)


61074ed1a310efa1e3b32c71.jpeg


Drolkar (left) and her sister, Yangzom, are seen at Yulmai village in Lhunze county, Tibet autonomous region, on June 21. [Photo/Xinhua]

Following in her father's footsteps, Tibetan villager Drolkar has spent decades keeping an eye out for trouble at border

Drolkar is one of the recipients of the July 1 Medal, the highest honor conferred to outstanding members of the Communist Party of China.

As an ordinary Tibetan villager, she and her family have been guarding the country's territory for over three decades.

Drolkar is from Yulmai village in Lhunze county, Tibet autonomous region, which sits at the southern foot of the Himalayas and on China's border with India.

The 60-year-old has been on border patrol with her family since she was a child. At 35, she became a member of the CPC.

Every month, in addition to doing housework and herding, Drolkar spends one day patrolling the border.

image1__3_.png

Drolkar with Xi Jinping after receiving the July 1 Medal (left); a Chinese border village(right)

From 1964 to 1996, Drolkar's hometown was considered China's smallest in terms of population. In fact, it was called a "three-person township" because during that time, only Drolkar, her father, Sangye Chopa, and her sister, Yangzom, lived there.

After Tibet's liberation in 1950, villagers, including Drolkar and her family, were relocated to new areas that were more suitable for living in terms of environment and climate. They were provided with new houses, livestock and grain.

Drolkar's family volunteered to return to the village not long after their relocation, although living conditions were poor and it was barely accessible, particularly between November and May when the mountain pathways were usually blocked by heavy snow. The family members were the only inhabitants and guardians of a township of 1,976 square kilometers.

Since their father died, Drolkar and Yangzom have kept patrolling the border.

While herding animals, they keep an eye out along the border and report suspicious activities such as smuggling.

61074ed1a310efa1e3b32c77.jpeg


[Photo/China Daily]

In October 2017, Drolkar and Yangzom wrote a letter to President Xi Jinping while the Party was holding the 19th National Congress.

They told Xi about their experiences safeguarding the border and the development of their township over the years.

They received Xi's reply on Oct 28 that year. In the reply, he recognized their efforts to safeguard the territory and thanked them for their loyalty and the work they've done.

On June 29, Drolkar received the medal in Beijing.

"I was very pleased and excited to receive the award last month in Beijing," she said. "I am so glad that I was greeted with tashi delek (the Tibetan greeting during which best wishes are given) while I was presented with the medal by President Xi. I will never forget the moment.

"President Xi is very kind to us, and we are often told to do a good job safeguarding the border. Only if the border is stable, will Tibet be stable. I have been following in the footsteps of my father to patrol our motherland over the decades, and I regard the work as a big honor."

There are now more people living in the village supporting her efforts.

The "three-person township" expanded to one with 20 residents in 1999 and 30 in 2009. It is now a more well-off, beautiful place with more than 200 residents in 67 families. Villagers now take turns patrolling the border.

"The July 1 Medal is not only for me. It is for all the people of the area," Drolkar said. "We all feel proud."

This region.
Taksing 对应的中文地名为 ‌塔克新‌,位于中国西藏自治区 ‌隆子县‌ 境内


Arunachal Tribal Body Alleges Chinese PLA Encroachment In Upper Subansiri District​

by OB Bureau
June 29, 2026
Itanagar: A tribal body in Arunachal Pradesh’s Upper Subansiri district has alleged that the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has been steadily taking over parts of its ancestral land along the India-China border, and has sought immediate verification and action from the state and central governments

The Nah Welfare Society (NWS) has submitted a memorandum to the Upper Subansiri district deputy commissioner, claiming that grazing grounds, hunting areas and farmland under the Taksing revenue circle have come under Chinese control over the past six years, as reported by The Times of India.

“Our ancestral lands, which were our hunting areas where we freely roamed and collected forest products a few years back, and our cattle grazing areas are now under the occupation of the Chinese PLA,” NWS president Keru Chader said in the memorandum.

The NWS claimed that Chinese forces have spread to several areas, including Oying in the Asaphila region, Paniar (Chujarta), Marpan (Marnafe), Potrang Lake and Tindingtang, saying these places had remained with the local community until around 2020.

It also claimed that the PLA has built roads and military structures within what it described as Indian territory.

According to the NWS, Chinese activity in the Taksing sector has grown over the past decade to 15 years, with the aim of gradually expanding territorial control.

“We do not doubt our Army and always have faith in them. They have been guarding our land for many years, but their efforts are not enough. The intention and speed of the present activities of the Chinese PLA at the Taksing area is very alarming… We are losing our land inch by inch day by day to them,” Chader noted.

Nacho MLA Nakap Nalo said the allegations should be officially checked by the administration, given their significance for national security.

“The allegations need to be officially confirmed by the administration,” he said, adding that if the claims are true, they would be a matter of grave concern.

Former MLA and National People’s Party leader Paknga Bage also urged the state government to examine the matter without delay. Referring to photographic evidence said to have been submitted by the NWS, Bage said local residents were worried and were reminded of the 1962 India-China war.

He also called on Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, MPs and Chief Minister Pema Khandu to state clearly the government’s position on the alleged Chinese presence along the Line of Actual Control in the Taksing sector.

 
This region.
Taksing 对应的中文地名为 ‌塔克新‌,位于中国西藏自治区 ‌隆子县‌ 境内


Arunachal Tribal Body Alleges Chinese PLA Encroachment In Upper Subansiri District​

by OB Bureau
June 29, 2026
Itanagar: A tribal body in Arunachal Pradesh’s Upper Subansiri district has alleged that the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has been steadily taking over parts of its ancestral land along the India-China border, and has sought immediate verification and action from the state and central governments

The Nah Welfare Society (NWS) has submitted a memorandum to the Upper Subansiri district deputy commissioner, claiming that grazing grounds, hunting areas and farmland under the Taksing revenue circle have come under Chinese control over the past six years, as reported by The Times of India.

“Our ancestral lands, which were our hunting areas where we freely roamed and collected forest products a few years back, and our cattle grazing areas are now under the occupation of the Chinese PLA,” NWS president Keru Chader said in the memorandum.

The NWS claimed that Chinese forces have spread to several areas, including Oying in the Asaphila region, Paniar (Chujarta), Marpan (Marnafe), Potrang Lake and Tindingtang, saying these places had remained with the local community until around 2020.

It also claimed that the PLA has built roads and military structures within what it described as Indian territory.

According to the NWS, Chinese activity in the Taksing sector has grown over the past decade to 15 years, with the aim of gradually expanding territorial control.

“We do not doubt our Army and always have faith in them. They have been guarding our land for many years, but their efforts are not enough. The intention and speed of the present activities of the Chinese PLA at the Taksing area is very alarming… We are losing our land inch by inch day by day to them,” Chader noted.

Nacho MLA Nakap Nalo said the allegations should be officially checked by the administration, given their significance for national security.

“The allegations need to be officially confirmed by the administration,” he said, adding that if the claims are true, they would be a matter of grave concern.

Former MLA and National People’s Party leader Paknga Bage also urged the state government to examine the matter without delay. Referring to photographic evidence said to have been submitted by the NWS, Bage said local residents were worried and were reminded of the 1962 India-China war.

He also called on Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, MPs and Chief Minister Pema Khandu to state clearly the government’s position on the alleged Chinese presence along the Line of Actual Control in the Taksing sector.

Indians usually bullshit on matters like that.
 

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