Chinese Aircraft Carriers - Liaoning, Shandong, Fujian and the future

lOl, everything China is "flawed" in western media, we can see how "perfect" US equipments are in Hormuz debacle.
J-10 used to be mocked and ridiculed most among Chinese weapons by the west untill they shoot Rafales down like flies.

Hey try and hide the fact that it is 2026 and you still haven't figured out nuclear propulsion in carriers...which we figured out 65 years ago...before even the computer age. :unsure:

Remember you said China doesn't waste money on expensive trial&error like SpaceX does with Starships with V1/V2 raptor prototype engines . You design once and put it into production. No prototypes.
 
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Hey try and hide the fact that it is 2026 and you still haven't figured out nuclear propulsion in carriers...which we figured out 65 years ago...before even the computer age. :unsure:

When the Type 004 is becoming available, you will be surprised to see the connection between the Type 003/004.
 
Hey try and hide the fact that it is 2026 and you still haven't figured out nuclear propulsion in carriers...which we figured out 65 years ago...before even the computer age. :unsure:
China is never in a hurry, we eye tech leapfrogging, not following.
 
China is never in a hurry, we eye tech leapfrogging, not following.

lol...oh wow is that wrong when it comes to your carriers.

thediplomat_2023-07-05-173609.jpg


e-2c-hawkeye_011.jpg
 

China Plans 9 Aircraft Carriers By 2035. The U.S. Navy Has 11 — And Can’t Build Replacements Fast Enough To Keep That Number​


By Isaac Seitz
April 18 2026
Aircraft-Carrier-U.S.-Navy-Sunset.jpg


According to recent reports from U.S. officials, China intends to obtain a fleet of nine aircraft carriers by 2035. Currently, China operates three aircraft carriers which its most recent, the Type 003 Fujian, commissioned just last year in 2025. This is an ambitious goal for China, to say the least.

One of the biggest hurdles facing the PLAN is its limited experience with carrier operations. Whereas the U.S. Navy has almost a hundred years of experience both building and operating a large carrier fleet. Most of the PLAN’s experience, on the other hand, comes from older Soviet-era designs, with its most advanced carrier being introduced only a year ago.

China’s Aircraft Carrier Fleet is Still Young

The United States Navy has almost a century of continuous experience operating aircraft carriers. The first U.S. carrier, USS Langley, entered service in 1922, and carrier aviation became decisive only two decades later in World War II.

From that point onward, aircraft carriers were not experimental assets but the central instrument of American naval power.

They were used intensively in high‑intensity conflict throughout World War II, Korea, and Vietnam, then continuously during the Cold War in deterrence and crisis-response roles, and finally in nearly nonstop expeditionary warfare after 1991.

This long arc of use created an institutional memory deeply embedded throughout the U.S. Navy’s structure.

China’s carrier history, by contrast, is exceptionally recent. The PLAN commissioned its first carrier, Liaoning, in 2012, after refurbishing the unfinished Soviet carrier Varyag.

For much of the following decade, Liaoning served primarily as a developmental and training platform rather than a combat-ready asset. The experience China gained during this period was crucial, but it was also tightly controlled, peacetime learning without the unpredictable stressors of war.

The launch of Shandong in 2019 represented an important step forward, reflecting China’s growing indigenous industrial and design capacity.

The commissioning of Fujian in late 2025 marked a technological leap, as it introduced electromagnetic catapults and CATOBAR operations broadly comparable to those used by the U.S. Navy.

However, despite this impressive pace of development, the PLAN’s institutional experience still spans barely more than a decade, and all of it has occurred without combat employment.

Fujian Aircraft Carrier

Fujian, China’s New Aircraft Carrier. Image Credit: Chinese Internet.

Why the U.S. is Still the Dominant Carrier Force

This difference in historical depth profoundly shapes how each navy operates carriers today.

The U.S. Navy fields eleven carrier strike groups, each built around a nuclear-powered supercarrier and supported by a standardized mix of cruisers, destroyers, submarines, logistics ships, and a carrier air wing. These strike groups are permanent operational formations, not ad hoc assemblies.

They rotate continuously through maintenance, training, deployment, and post-deployment sustainment.

Every phase of that cycle exposes sailors, aviators, and commanders to complex coordination problems, real-world political constraints, and adversary interactions. Over decades, this has produced a force accustomed to functioning independently for long periods while remaining fully integrated into broader joint and multinational command structures.

The PLAN’s carrier force is growing rapidly but remains far smaller and less mature.

China now technically operates a three-carrier fleet, but only one ship, Fujian, approaches U.S.-style launch-and-recovery capability, and it is still in the advanced work-up phase.

PLAN carrier task groups have become more visible and more confident, particularly in exercises beyond the First Island Chain and in dual-carrier operations. Nevertheless, these deployments remain relatively infrequent and carefully choreographed.

The supporting logistics, command-and-control systems, and escort integration are improving, but they have not yet been subjected to the kind of continuous global demand that defines U.S. carrier operations.

Manufacturing: Where China Dominates

Despite all of the above, China retains a potentially decisive advantage over the U.S. Navy: Manufacturing. China’s shipbuilding industry, according to some estimates, produces 232 times more materials than the U.S. does.

Headed by the China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) and the China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC), China can mass-produce destroyers, submarines, UUVs, and other naval vessels at an alarming pace.

Fujian, the first carrier of its time, took about 10 years to build and test before entering service. Already, another carrier is under construction at the Dalian Shipyard. China may lack the experience that the U.S. has, but if any nation can build six aircraft carriers in ten years, it’s probably China.

The U.S., meanwhile, spent years quietly reducing its domestic shipbuilding industry and, in doing so, accidentally shot itself in the foot.

Once capable of building multiple carriers in a short time, the U.S. today can barely conduct routine maintenance on its carriers without delays.

Major shipbuilders are plagued by personnel shortages, supply chain issues, and insufficient funding, in addition to ever-changing Navy demands. Despite recent funding increases, it will take decades before domestic shipbuilding reaches anywhere near China’s current output.

The unfortunate result is that today, American shipbuilding is a shadow of its former self, which stands in stark contrast to the otherwise prestigious United States Navy.

 

China Plans 9 Aircraft Carriers By 2035. The U.S. Navy Has 11 — And Can’t Build Replacements Fast Enough To Keep That Number​


By Isaac Seitz
April 18 2026
Aircraft-Carrier-U.S.-Navy-Sunset.jpg


According to recent reports from U.S. officials, China intends to obtain a fleet of nine aircraft carriers by 2035. Currently, China operates three aircraft carriers which its most recent, the Type 003 Fujian, commissioned just last year in 2025. This is an ambitious goal for China, to say the least.

One of the biggest hurdles facing the PLAN is its limited experience with carrier operations. Whereas the U.S. Navy has almost a hundred years of experience both building and operating a large carrier fleet. Most of the PLAN’s experience, on the other hand, comes from older Soviet-era designs, with its most advanced carrier being introduced only a year ago.

China’s Aircraft Carrier Fleet is Still Young

The United States Navy has almost a century of continuous experience operating aircraft carriers. The first U.S. carrier, USS Langley, entered service in 1922, and carrier aviation became decisive only two decades later in World War II.

From that point onward, aircraft carriers were not experimental assets but the central instrument of American naval power.

They were used intensively in high‑intensity conflict throughout World War II, Korea, and Vietnam, then continuously during the Cold War in deterrence and crisis-response roles, and finally in nearly nonstop expeditionary warfare after 1991.

This long arc of use created an institutional memory deeply embedded throughout the U.S. Navy’s structure.

China’s carrier history, by contrast, is exceptionally recent. The PLAN commissioned its first carrier, Liaoning, in 2012, after refurbishing the unfinished Soviet carrier Varyag.

For much of the following decade, Liaoning served primarily as a developmental and training platform rather than a combat-ready asset. The experience China gained during this period was crucial, but it was also tightly controlled, peacetime learning without the unpredictable stressors of war.

The launch of Shandong in 2019 represented an important step forward, reflecting China’s growing indigenous industrial and design capacity.

The commissioning of Fujian in late 2025 marked a technological leap, as it introduced electromagnetic catapults and CATOBAR operations broadly comparable to those used by the U.S. Navy.

However, despite this impressive pace of development, the PLAN’s institutional experience still spans barely more than a decade, and all of it has occurred without combat employment.

Fujian Aircraft Carrier

Fujian, China’s New Aircraft Carrier. Image Credit: Chinese Internet.

Why the U.S. is Still the Dominant Carrier Force

This difference in historical depth profoundly shapes how each navy operates carriers today.

The U.S. Navy fields eleven carrier strike groups, each built around a nuclear-powered supercarrier and supported by a standardized mix of cruisers, destroyers, submarines, logistics ships, and a carrier air wing. These strike groups are permanent operational formations, not ad hoc assemblies.

They rotate continuously through maintenance, training, deployment, and post-deployment sustainment.

Every phase of that cycle exposes sailors, aviators, and commanders to complex coordination problems, real-world political constraints, and adversary interactions. Over decades, this has produced a force accustomed to functioning independently for long periods while remaining fully integrated into broader joint and multinational command structures.

The PLAN’s carrier force is growing rapidly but remains far smaller and less mature.

China now technically operates a three-carrier fleet, but only one ship, Fujian, approaches U.S.-style launch-and-recovery capability, and it is still in the advanced work-up phase.

PLAN carrier task groups have become more visible and more confident, particularly in exercises beyond the First Island Chain and in dual-carrier operations. Nevertheless, these deployments remain relatively infrequent and carefully choreographed.

The supporting logistics, command-and-control systems, and escort integration are improving, but they have not yet been subjected to the kind of continuous global demand that defines U.S. carrier operations.

Manufacturing: Where China Dominates

Despite all of the above, China retains a potentially decisive advantage over the U.S. Navy: Manufacturing. China’s shipbuilding industry, according to some estimates, produces 232 times more materials than the U.S. does.

Headed by the China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) and the China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC), China can mass-produce destroyers, submarines, UUVs, and other naval vessels at an alarming pace.

Fujian, the first carrier of its time, took about 10 years to build and test before entering service. Already, another carrier is under construction at the Dalian Shipyard. China may lack the experience that the U.S. has, but if any nation can build six aircraft carriers in ten years, it’s probably China.

The U.S., meanwhile, spent years quietly reducing its domestic shipbuilding industry and, in doing so, accidentally shot itself in the foot.

Once capable of building multiple carriers in a short time, the U.S. today can barely conduct routine maintenance on its carriers without delays.

Major shipbuilders are plagued by personnel shortages, supply chain issues, and insufficient funding, in addition to ever-changing Navy demands. Despite recent funding increases, it will take decades before domestic shipbuilding reaches anywhere near China’s current output.

The unfortunate result is that today, American shipbuilding is a shadow of its former self, which stands in stark contrast to the otherwise prestigious United States Navy.

I don't know if China wants to operate more than 6 advanced AC battle groups in the foreseeable future within a decade. This is just US speculation.
 
Hey try and hide the fact that it is 2026 and you still haven't figured out nuclear propulsion in carriers...which we figured out 65 years ago...before even the computer age. :unsure:
China had this technology for a long time but it was not advance enough to match the Usa however the next generation of Chinese Aircraft carriers will have it and it will be close enough. And yes I agree at the moment Usa is way advance.
 
I don't know if China wants to operate more than 6 advanced AC battle groups in the foreseeable future within a decade. This is just US speculation.
We cannot precisely estimate the specific number of aircraft carrier battle groups the PLA Navy will possess over the coming decade. However, it is virtually certain that, within this timeframe, the total number will not be particularly large.

Currently, the aircraft carrier *Fujian* is primarily engaged in testing and validating the operational capabilities of a catapult-equipped carrier, utilizing the results to formulate standardized combat protocols.

Once China's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier is completed, it will first be necessary to validate the capabilities of the hull itself; concurrently, the operational protocols for nuclear-powered, catapult-equipped carriers must be revised, refined, and formally established.

This process entails extensive technical feedback, corrections, and adjustments, culminating in the finalization of a comprehensive technical manual.

Only after this stage is complete will China commence the mass production of aircraft carriers.

On a positive note:
The training program for China's catapult-launched carrier-based aircraft pilots has now been fully integrated into the curriculum of the Naval Aviation University.
 
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in this recent US/Iran conflict we saw that carrier were vulnerable rather being an asset, IMHO they can be great force multipliers but strategy and tactics from WW2 era are not longer in play
 
in this recent US/Iran conflict we saw that carrier were vulnerable rather being an asset, IMHO they can be great force multipliers but strategy and tactics from WW2 era are not longer in play
In recent conflicts, assets such as tanks and armed helicopters have faced similar skepticism.

I agree with the latter part of your statement. The real question is: do traditional tactics remain effective in the context of modern, new-paradigm warfare?

Weapons are mere inanimate objects; human beings are the true essence of war!
 
I don't know if China wants to operate more than 6 advanced AC battle groups in the foreseeable future within a decade. This is just US speculation.
You should have 8 ACs.
8 is a lucky number.
Seriously talking, for psychological effect I think China should have the same number or higher than the US navy.
War or peace is often about perception.
 
You should have 8 ACs.
8 is a lucky number.
Seriously talking, for psychological effect I think China should have the same number or higher than the US navy.
War or peace is often about perception.
6 is also a very good lucky number in Chinese, it means smooth and success in undertaking. Maybe it's not a good idea to build too many in short term.
 

China Plans 9 Aircraft Carriers By 2035. The U.S. Navy Has 11 — And Can’t Build Replacements Fast Enough To Keep That Number​


By Isaac Seitz
April 18 2026
Aircraft-Carrier-U.S.-Navy-Sunset.jpg


According to recent reports from U.S. officials, China intends to obtain a fleet of nine aircraft carriers by 2035. Currently, China operates three aircraft carriers which its most recent, the Type 003 Fujian, commissioned just last year in 2025. This is an ambitious goal for China, to say the least.

One of the biggest hurdles facing the PLAN is its limited experience with carrier operations. Whereas the U.S. Navy has almost a hundred years of experience both building and operating a large carrier fleet. Most of the PLAN’s experience, on the other hand, comes from older Soviet-era designs, with its most advanced carrier being introduced only a year ago.

China’s Aircraft Carrier Fleet is Still Young

The United States Navy has almost a century of continuous experience operating aircraft carriers. The first U.S. carrier, USS Langley, entered service in 1922, and carrier aviation became decisive only two decades later in World War II.

From that point onward, aircraft carriers were not experimental assets but the central instrument of American naval power.

They were used intensively in high‑intensity conflict throughout World War II, Korea, and Vietnam, then continuously during the Cold War in deterrence and crisis-response roles, and finally in nearly nonstop expeditionary warfare after 1991.

This long arc of use created an institutional memory deeply embedded throughout the U.S. Navy’s structure.

China’s carrier history, by contrast, is exceptionally recent. The PLAN commissioned its first carrier, Liaoning, in 2012, after refurbishing the unfinished Soviet carrier Varyag.

For much of the following decade, Liaoning served primarily as a developmental and training platform rather than a combat-ready asset. The experience China gained during this period was crucial, but it was also tightly controlled, peacetime learning without the unpredictable stressors of war.

The launch of Shandong in 2019 represented an important step forward, reflecting China’s growing indigenous industrial and design capacity.

The commissioning of Fujian in late 2025 marked a technological leap, as it introduced electromagnetic catapults and CATOBAR operations broadly comparable to those used by the U.S. Navy.

However, despite this impressive pace of development, the PLAN’s institutional experience still spans barely more than a decade, and all of it has occurred without combat employment.

Fujian Aircraft Carrier

Fujian, China’s New Aircraft Carrier. Image Credit: Chinese Internet.

Why the U.S. is Still the Dominant Carrier Force

This difference in historical depth profoundly shapes how each navy operates carriers today.

The U.S. Navy fields eleven carrier strike groups, each built around a nuclear-powered supercarrier and supported by a standardized mix of cruisers, destroyers, submarines, logistics ships, and a carrier air wing. These strike groups are permanent operational formations, not ad hoc assemblies.

They rotate continuously through maintenance, training, deployment, and post-deployment sustainment.

Every phase of that cycle exposes sailors, aviators, and commanders to complex coordination problems, real-world political constraints, and adversary interactions. Over decades, this has produced a force accustomed to functioning independently for long periods while remaining fully integrated into broader joint and multinational command structures.

The PLAN’s carrier force is growing rapidly but remains far smaller and less mature.

China now technically operates a three-carrier fleet, but only one ship, Fujian, approaches U.S.-style launch-and-recovery capability, and it is still in the advanced work-up phase.

PLAN carrier task groups have become more visible and more confident, particularly in exercises beyond the First Island Chain and in dual-carrier operations. Nevertheless, these deployments remain relatively infrequent and carefully choreographed.

The supporting logistics, command-and-control systems, and escort integration are improving, but they have not yet been subjected to the kind of continuous global demand that defines U.S. carrier operations.

Manufacturing: Where China Dominates

Despite all of the above, China retains a potentially decisive advantage over the U.S. Navy: Manufacturing. China’s shipbuilding industry, according to some estimates, produces 232 times more materials than the U.S. does.

Headed by the China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) and the China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC), China can mass-produce destroyers, submarines, UUVs, and other naval vessels at an alarming pace.

Fujian, the first carrier of its time, took about 10 years to build and test before entering service. Already, another carrier is under construction at the Dalian Shipyard. China may lack the experience that the U.S. has, but if any nation can build six aircraft carriers in ten years, it’s probably China.

The U.S., meanwhile, spent years quietly reducing its domestic shipbuilding industry and, in doing so, accidentally shot itself in the foot.

Once capable of building multiple carriers in a short time, the U.S. today can barely conduct routine maintenance on its carriers without delays.

Major shipbuilders are plagued by personnel shortages, supply chain issues, and insufficient funding, in addition to ever-changing Navy demands. Despite recent funding increases, it will take decades before domestic shipbuilding reaches anywhere near China’s current output.

The unfortunate result is that today, American shipbuilding is a shadow of its former self, which stands in stark contrast to the otherwise prestigious United States Navy.



That‘s total BS … even if they plan for 9 allerfeinste, 9 ready by 2035 is IMO highly unlikely
 
I don't know if China wants to operate more than 6 advanced AC battle groups in the foreseeable future within a decade. This is just US speculation.
I mean equal or higher to the US navy as ultimate goal. Whether in 10 or 15 years is another matter. Depends much on if China can make a good aircraft carrier. Once you can make 1 then 10 is just one step away.
Equal is a war concept. Vietnam navy in the past leans on how many ships China navy had. We had 1,000 warships, the same size of China navy during the Ming.
 

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