Crushing Iran’s nukes
- Aviation Features
- Crushing Iran’s nukes
19th July 2025
Feature
Ops Rising Lion and Midnight Hammer
Just as it had threatened to, the US bombed Iran’s military nuclear sites on June 21 after a week of relentless and systematic Israeli strikes. Babak Taghvaee looks in depth at the bombing campaign
Operation Midnight Hammer marked the largest combat deployment of B-2A Spirit stealth bombers in USAF history. On June 22, 2025, 15 B-2s launched from Whiteman AFB – eight acting in a deceptive move and seven for strikes on Iran’s underground nuclear facilities at Natanz and Fordow
SrMSgt Vincent De Groot/USAF
THE AIR forces of Israel and the United States executed a co-ordinated military campaign that has seriously damaged the Islamic Republic of Iran’s military nuclear program. The twin operations – Israel’s Operation Rising Lion and the United States’ Operation Midnight Hammer – were launched in June, approximately one month after US President Donald Trump’s ultimatum demanding the immediate cessation of uranium enrichment by the Iranian regime expired (see Targeting Iran, June, p32-39). The operations were aimed at terminating the militarised nuclear ambitions of the Islamic Republic and delivered a severe blow to the offensive and defensive capabilities of Iran’s armed forces.
Mobilisation of Israeli forces
Operation Rising Lion began on June 13 and involved the deployment of over 1,000 agents from Israel’s foreign intelligence agency, Mossad, operating covertly inside Iranian territory. This extensive intelligence operation was paired with the near-total mobilisation of the Israeli Air and Space Force (IASF), including its entire inventory of combat aircraft and aerial refuelling assets. In its initial phase, the IASF executed a series of offensive counter-air (OCA) and suppression/destruction of enemy air defences (SEAD/DEAD) missions, striking key installations belonging to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).
Precision airstrikes resulted in the elimination of several senior IRGC commanders and nine Iranian nuclear scientists, while degrading infrastructure at Iran’s key nuclear sites in Isfahan, Natanz, Fordow, and Arak.
Israel’s offensive effectively set the stage for the subsequent American operation. Operation Midnight Hammer, conducted on June 22, centred on a single strategic bombing mission by seven B-2A Spirit stealth bombers, supported by F-22A Raptor and F-35A Lightning II fighters. This strike package was reinforced by precision-guided cruise missile launches from USS Georgia (SSGN-729), a nuclear-powered guided-missile submarine. The American objective was to neutralise Iran’s most heavily fortified and deeply buried uranium enrichment facilities, installations previously assessed as impervious to conventional air attack.
Elimination of generals and scientists
Operation Rising Lion focussed on the elimination of senior IRGC commanders and nuclear scientists to disrupt Iran’s military and scientific leadership. On June 13, the IASF, guided by precise intelligence provided from Mossad JTAC (Joint Terminal Attack Controller) teams, eliminated Chief of Staff Mohammad Hossein Bagheri, IRGC Commander Hossein Salami, and Khatam al-Anbiya and Constructions Headquarters
Commander Gholam-Ali Rashid in airstrikes on their residences. Strikes at an underground command post of the IRGC Aerospace Force (IRGCASF) killed its Commander Amir Ali Hajizadeh, Commander of its drone command Taher-Pour, and commander of its air-defence command, Davoud Shaykhian.
The IRGC personnel eliminated in the first wave of the operation were mostly asleep in their luxury homes in North Tehran. Those who lived in top floors were by air-launched ballistic missiles such as Golden Horizon (employed by the F-15A/B/C/D Baaz and F-15I Ra’am), while those in lower floors of the residential buildings were targeted by Delilah 2 cruise missiles employed by F-16I Sufa to minimise collateral damage. Over 20 civilians living in these buildings were also killed. On June 17, Major-General Ali Shadmani, appointed as wartime Chief of Staff after Rashid’s death, was killed, alongside over 20 IRGC commanders, including intelligence officials Mohammad Kazemi, Mohammad Hassan Mohaqiq, Mohsen Bakri, and Abu al-Fadl Nikouei. The operation also targeted Iran’s nuclear expertise, eliminating nine senior scientists on June 13 and 14 across Tehran, including Fereydoun Abbasi, Mohammad Mahdi Tehranshi, and Saeed Barji, who were pivotal in advancing Iran’s nuclear weapons program. On June 21, a tenth scientist, Isar Tabatabai-Qamsheh, was assassinated, reportedly by an Israeli drone in Tehran. These eliminations targeted hideouts and residential complexes, such as the Shahrak-eMahallati compound of the Iranian Ministry of Defence and Logistics of the Armed Forces (MODAFL). Mossad’s reported use of precision weapons and a covert drone base near Tehran underscores Israel’s sophisticated intelligence and operational capabilities.
The aim has been to disrupt Iran’s command-and-control structure and nuclear knowledge base. The loss of senior IRGC figures, responsible for missile attacks and proxy co-ordination, may weaken Iran’s ability to orchestrate retaliatory strikes or support groups like Hamas and Hezbollah. However, Iran’s appointment of replacements, such as Shadmani, (albeit killed four days after being appointed) indicates resilience in its military hierarchy. The elimination of scientists may represent a long-term setback, but Iran’s potential to recruit new expertise and the risk of retaliatory escalation, fuelled by public outrage, complicate Israel’s objectives. The operation’s focus on leadership decapitation thus balances immediate tactical gains with the challenge of managing Iran’s response and regional dynamics.
SEAD/DEAD
On April 19 and October 26, last year, the IASF conducted two operations. The first involved two F-15I Ra’am, one launching a pair of Golden Horizons (Blue Sparrow-based missiles) to destroy a 64N6E 3D phased-array long-range surveillance and target acquisition radar of an Iranian Air Defence Force (IRIADF) S-300PMU-2long-range air-defence system in the IRIAF 8th Tactical Fighter Base (TFB) Babaiee in Isfahan. Two more 64N6E radars, as well as other components of two other IRIADF S-300PMU-2 batteries and air-defence systems were destroyed during the IASF’s Operation Days of Repentance in and around Tehran, on October 26 last year.
On June 13, the absence of the IRIADF’s long-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems, particularly the S-300PMU-2s, provided a safe passage for both the F-35I Adir fighter jets and the non-stealth fighter jets such as F-16C/Ds, F-16Is, F-15A/B/C/Ds and F-15Is. Among these, the F-35Is focused on eliminating the short- and medium-range IRIADF air-defence systems and the IRGCASF key military and nuclear sites. The IRGCASF Tabas and 3rd Khordad medium-range SAM systems and Tor M1 short-range SAM systems were the most common examples to be targeted and destroyed, firstly by the F-35Is and then armed MALE (mediumaltitude long-endurance) drones such as Eitan and Hermes-900. This came at the cost of at least six to IRGC Qaem-118 and Model-358 anti-drone missiles between June 14 and 22. Suppression and Destruction of Enemy Air Defence (SEAD/DEAD) operations were critical to Operation Rising Lion, enabling the IASF to achieve air superiority over Iran. On June 13, the IASF conducted a large-scale strike on Iran’s air defence network in western Iran, destroying dozens of radar installations and SAM systems. By June 17, over 70 Iranian air defence missile batteries were neutralised, with additional strikes targeting detection systems and SAM sites across Tehran, Isfahan, and southwestern Iran. Mossad’s sabotage of air defence systems, including the use of covert drones, complemented IASF efforts, ensuring minimal resistance to Israeli aircraft operating over 1,000 miles from Israel.
The tactical execution of SEAD/DEAD operations involved multiple waves of strikes, with IASF fighter jets and remotely piloted aircraft identifying and neutralising launchers and radars embedded in civilian infrastructure. These operations enabled sustained strikes on nuclear and military targets.
The destruction of air defence infrastructure limited Iran’s ability to protect its airspace, exposing its vulnerability to further attacks. However, Iran’s dispersed and concealed defence systems, combined with potential support from allies like Russia, could be rejuvenated. The integration of Mossad covert operations with IASF kinetic strikes exemplifies a hybrid warfare approach, but the ongoing need to target regenerating defences underscores the campaign’s prolonged nature. Israel’s ability to maintain air superiority has been critical to achieving its broader objectives.
In response to Operation Rising Lion, the IRGC launched hundreds of intermediate-range ballistic missiles at Israel, including Emad missiles equipped with precision-guided re-entry vehicles, as shown here
Mehran Samavati
At Hatzerim AB on the first day of Operation Rising Lion, June 13, F-16I Sufa strike fighters from the Israeli Air Force’s 107th ‘Knights of the Orange Tail’ Squadron, armed with GBU-39/B Small Diameter Bombs prepare for their mission over Iran
Israeli Air Force
F-35I Adir stealth fighters played a critical role in neutralising short-and medium-range air defence systems of the IRGC Aerospace Force during the opening hours of Operation Rising Lion. This image, taken at Nevatim AB, shows an F-35I returning from its mission over Iran on June 13, 2025
Israeli Air Force
Airstrikes on IRIAF’s Tactical Fighter Bases
Operation Rising Lion included OCA operations targeting the IRIAF’s 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th TFBs in Tehran, Tabriz, Hamadan, and Dezful. On June 13, the IASF struck the 2nd TFB Fakkouri in Tabriz International Airport, disabling its runways and destroying at least three MiG-29B fighter interceptors, a MiG29UB combat trainer and five F-5E/F Tiger IIs. Strikes on June 16 and 21 neutralised two full-scale F-14A decoys in 1st TFB Lashgari in Tehran and three airworthy and grounded F-14As in 8th TFB Babaiee, respectively, while June 22 saw the destruction of two F-5Es on quick reaction alert (QRA) duty at 4th TFB Vahdati in Dezful.
The IRIAF’s 3rd TFB Nojeh near Hamedan and the Habibi Forward Operating Base (FOB) in Mashhad were targeted on June 14 and 15 respectively. In the 3rd TFB, multiple hardened aircraft shelters, a QRA facility and an aircraft hangar were bombed and ten airworthy F-4E Phantom IIs and a single RF-4E Photo Phantom were destroyed. A Boeing 707-3J9C (KC-707) tanker was destroyed by a Golden Horizon air-launched ballistic missiles. These operations, involving over 200 fighter jets and 330 munitions in the initial wave, aimed to cripple Iran’s air combat capabilities.
The tactical success of these strikes lies in their precision and scale, with the IASF leveraging intelligence to target IRIAF assets, including aircraft and runways, to prevent interception of Israeli aircraft and then B-2A bombers which took part in Operation Midnight Hammer on June 22. The destruction of ageing IRIAF platforms, such as F-14As and F-5Es, significantly weakens Iran’s ability to challenge Israel’s air superiority. The strike on the IRIAF’s FOB at Mashhad’s Shahid Hashemi Nejad International Airport on June 15, targeting the KC-707, marked one of the IASF’s longest-range operations, highlighting its operational reach and co-ordination.
On June 18, the IASF targeted and destroyed eight Iranian Army Aviation (IRIAA) Bell AH-1J Cobra attack helicopters and a Bell 214A Isfahan utility helicopter at the 1st Combat Base of Kermanshah in the west of Iran. The Israeli Defence Force (IDF) later claimed these helicopters were involved in an interception and shoot-down of an Israeli armed drone, without providing any proof.
The IRIAF’s limited role in Iran’s broader defence strategy, which prioritises ballistic missiles and one-way attack drones (IRGCASF Shahed-136s and Iranian Army Ground Force Arash-2s), suggests these strikes were secondary to targeting IRGC assets.
The psychological impact of striking deep within Iran, including civilian airports, amplifies Israel’s message of deterrence but risks fuelling anti-Israel sentiment. The ongoing nature of Operation Rising Lion indicates plans to target additional IRIAF assets, ensuring that Iran’s air capabilities remain suppressed, though the focus on missile and nuclear threats remains paramount.
Despite being nearly 50 years old, this F-15A Block 17 from the Israeli Air Force’s 133rd ‘Knights of the Twin Tail’ Squadron (aircraft 663, callsign ‘Ha’Madlik’ meaning ‘The Lighter’) participated in the mission to intercept Shahed-136 one-way attack drones over Jordan on June 13
Israeli Air Force
Destroying ballistic missile bases
Operation Rising Lion prioritised the destruction of the IRGC’s ballistic missile bases, targeting Iran’s primary means of long-range power projection and retaliation against Israel. On June 13, the IASF, guided by intelligence from the IDF Intelligence Directorate, initiated strikes on dozens of missile launchers and storage facilities in western Iran, including a unique launch mechanism embedded in shipping containers. By June 16, the IDF reported destroying 120 surface-to-surface missile (SSM) launchers, one-third of Iran’s total, with further strikes on June 17, 18, and 20, targeting sites in Tabriz, Kermanshah, Isfahan, and Ahvaz. By June 19, the IDF claimed to have neutralised two-thirds of Iran’s missile launchers. These operations involved over 200 fighter jets, including F-16C Block 40 Barak multi-role fighter jets deploying 330 munitions including BLU-109/B bunker buster bombs in the initial wave, with subsequent strikes using Eitan and Hermes-900 armed MALE drones and precision munitions like Mikholit missiles, as evidenced by strikes on 35 missile storage and launch sites in Tabriz and Kermanshah on June 20.
On June 14, the IAF struck an underground facility in Kermanshah containing storage tunnels and launch shafts for ballistic and cruise missiles, previously showcased in Iranian propaganda. Real-time intelligence enabled the destruction of ready-to-launch missiles, such as an Emad intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) on a missile launcher on June 18, and the neutralisation of launch cells, including a group of the IRGC personnel and an IRGC base commander on June 20, responsible for 15 launchers.
Mossad’s activities are said to have forced the IRGC to relocate operations from the west to central Iran. This shift, corroborated by IRGC-affiliated sources, reflects the significant degradation of launch platforms in the west of Iran, including ground-based, underground, and silo-based systems, compelling the IRGCASF to rely on less secure and less optimal ballistic missiles in central regions of Iran.
These strikes are likely to disrupt the IRGC’s military doctrine, which heavily emphasises ballistic missiles as a deterrent and offensive tool. Stockpiles of advanced missiles were destroyed, such as the Kheibar Shekan and Fattah-1, positioned on the northwestern and western flanks aimed at Israel, forcing reliance on older missiles like the Emad, Shahab-3, and Qadr, with poorer accuracy.