Pakistan Nuclear Power plants

[ghazi52]

Energy policy

In July 2013 the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council (ECNEC) approved about 3.5 GWe of new power projects totaling PKR 1303 billion ($12.4 billion), comprising 2200 MWe nuclear, 425 MWe gas combined cycle, and 969 MWe hydro. These are designed to reduce the high reliance on oil and to reduce power costs. All depend on Chinese support.

Electricity infrastructure is a significant part of the $51 billion China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) projects from 2016 which will link Kashgar in China’s Xinjiang region to Pakistan’s deep-water port of Gwadar on the Arabian Sea.

The CPEC includes roads and railways running much of the length of Pakistan and funded by three Chinese banks, and a 4000 MW HVDC grid development costing $1.5 billion over 2017-18. Some $33 billion of the CPEC total is for energy infrastructure, notably 10 GWe of generating capacity by 2020, mostly coal-fired, which is expected to provide 24% of the country’s power by 2020. Lignite is the main fuel envisaged, from the Thar Desert region of Sindh.

CPEC projects are a significant element in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and are unprecedented in scale in Pakistan.

In 2005 the Energy Security Plan was adopted by the government, which called for a huge increase in generating capacity to more than 160 GWe by 2030. Significant power shortages are reported, and load shedding is common.


Nuclear policy

An expansion of nuclear power capacity has long been a central element of Pakistan's energy policy.

The 2005 Energy Security Plan included the intention of lifting nuclear capacity to 8800 MWe in the long term, 900 MWe of this by 2015 and a further 1500 MWe by 2020. Projections included four further Chinese reactors of 300 MWe each and seven of 1000 MWe, all PWR.

There were tentative plans for China to build two 1000 MWe PWR units at Karachi as KANUPP 2&3, but China then in 2007 deferred development of its CNP-1000 type which would have been the only one of that size able to be exported. Pakistan then turned its attention to building smaller units with higher local content. However, in 2013 China revived its 1000 MWe designs with export intent, and made overtures to Pakistan for the ACP1000 design, which became Hualong One – see below.

In August 2011 it was reported that Pakistan aimed for 8000 MWe nuclear at ten sites by 2030. PAEC has apparently selected six new sites on the basis of Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) advice. These are: the Qadirabad-Bulloki (QB) link canal near Qadirabad Headworks; Dera Ghazi Khan canal near Taunsa Barrage; Taunsa-Panjnad canal near Multan; Nara canal near Sukkur; Pat Feeder canal near Guddu; and Kabul River near Nowshera. Early in 2012 Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) said that four reactors were planned for the Taunsa-Panjnad canal near Multan in Punjab.

In January 2014 PAEC announced its intention to build five further 1100 MWe nuclear reactors to meet anticipated electricity demand, and have 8.9 GWe of nuclear capacity online by 2030. "With more than 55 reactor-years of successful operating experience to its credit, the PAEC can confidently move from technology acquisition status to actually starting contributing sizeable electrical energy to the system."

PAEC was then quoted as saying that eight sites would be chosen for a further 32 units, four 1100 MWe units at each, so that nuclear power supplied one-quarter of the country’s electricity from 40 GWe of capacity. This evidently assumes a more than tenfold increase in electricity demand by a future date well beyond 2030.

PAEC said an initial 1100 MWe plant would be built at Muzaffargarh, on the Taunsa-Panjnad canal near Multan in southwest Punjab. It was also reported that discussions with China were under way to supply three nuclear power units for about $13 billion.

Despite being outside the UN's Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), a four-year technical cooperation project – "Strengthening and Enhancing Capabilities of Pakistan's National Institutions to Support a Safe, Reliable and Sustainable Nuclear Power Programme," referred to as PAK2007 – was launched in 2018.

The IAEA amalgamated four of its pre-existing national technical cooperation projects, which supported regulators, operators, waste managers and non-destructive testers to bring together all the relevant nuclear power stakeholders. This considerably boosted international cooperation with Pakistan's nuclear power programme.

 

[ghazi52]

Front cycle

Front end

The government set a target of producing 300 tons of uranium per year from 2015 to meet one-third of anticipated requirements, but this has not been realised. Low-grade ore is known in central Punjab at Bannu Basin and Suleman Range. In 2015 production was 45 tU.

In July 2017 CNNC signed a framework agreement with PAEC for technical cooperation in the exploration and development of uranium resources.

A small (15,000 SWU/yr) uranium centrifuge enrichment plant at the Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) in Kahuta has been operated since 1984 and does not have any apparent civil use.

It was expanded threefold in about 1991, and further since then. A newer plant not under safeguards is reported to be at KRL. It is not clear whether PAEC has any involvement with these plants.

Enriched fuel for the PWRs is imported from China.

In 2006 PAEC announced that it was preparing to set up separate and purely civil conversion, enrichment and fuel fabrication plants as a new $1.2 billion Pakistan Nuclear Power Fuel Complex (PNPFC) for PWR-type reactors which would be under IAEA safeguards and managed separately from existing facilities.

However, constraints imposed on Pakistan by the Nuclear Suppliers Group may mean that all civil nuclear development is tied to China, and there may be no point in proceeding with this project.


Waste management

The PAEC has responsibility for radioactive waste management. A Central Radioactive Waste Management Fund is proposed in a new policy. Waste management centers are proposed for Karachi and Chashma.

Used fuel is currently stored at each reactor in pools. Longer-term dry storage at each site is proposed. The question of future reprocessing remains open.



Research and development

The Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) at Rawalpindi near Islamabad is managed by the PAEC and is one of the largest science and technology research establishments in the country. It has conducted research into reprocessing used nuclear fuel, though today it claims to be focused on research in medicine, biology, materials and physics, including production of medical radioisotopes.

Pakistan has a 10 MW pool-type research reactor, PARR-1, of 1965 vintage, supplied by the USA under the Atoms for Peace program. It was converted to use low-enriched uranium fuel in 1991, and upgraded from 5 to 10 MW. PARR-2 is an indigenous 30 kW miniature neutron source reactor (MNSR) based on Chinese design and using high-enriched fuel operating since 1974. Both are located at the PINSTECH Laboratory, Nilore, near Islamabad.

They are under IAEA safeguards. One of them produces some Mo-99 from HEU targets.

New Labs at PINSTECH in Rawalpindi is reported to be a reprocessing plant for weapons-grade plutonium production, and not under safeguards. It is run by PAEC and operational since 1981. This was apparently the culmination of a plutonium weapons program predating the Kahuta HEU weapons program, and replaced an unfinished much larger reprocessing plant (100 t/yr) being built at Chashma by France, but cancelled in 1978.

At Khushab, 200 km south of Islamabad, there are four heavy water reactors dedicated to production of weapons-grade plutonium, plus a heavy water plant. The first of these, a 'multipurpose' PHWR estimated at 30-40 MWt, started operating in 1998. Then a larger (40-50 MWt) heavy water reactor was built there from about 2002, and appeared to be operational at the end of 2009.

In 2006, construction started on a third reactor, similar to and adjacent to the second, and this appeared to be operational by the end of 2013. A similar but larger (90 MWt) fourth reactor was built from 2011 a few hundred metres away, and appeared to be operational in January 2015.

These seem to add up to a substantial plutonium production capacity. Khushab is reported to be making demands upon the country's limited uranium resources. A small heavy water plant is nearby.

Reprocessing of military material is reported to take place at Chashma, 80 km west, and the original French reprocessing plant is apparently under renewed construction there, a couple of kilometers southwest of Chashma 1-4 power reactors.

The Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) at Kahuta in Punjab is described as a weapons engineering R&D institute and research laboratory, focused on producing high-enriched uranium using centrifuge technology originally stolen from Urenco by Dr Abdul Q Khan. Set up about 1976 as the Engineering Research Laboratories it was a key part of Pakistan's weapons program, supported by the Army Corps of Engineers in competition with the plutonium program being pursued by PAEC. It was renamed in honour of Dr Khan in 1981.

 

[Dalit]

It is good to know that Pakistan and China continue to work on more nuclear plants. The more the merier.

 

[ghazi52]

Karachi 2, Pakistan

Details
Reactor Type	Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
Model	ACP-1000
Owner	Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Operator	Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission

Timeline
Construction Start	19 August 2015
First Criticality	1 March 2021
First Grid Connection	17 February 2021

Specification
Capacity Net	1014 MWe
Capacity Gross	1100 MWe
Capacity Thermal	3060 MWt
Design Net Capacity	1014 MWe

 

[ghazi52]

Nuclear policy

An expansion of nuclear capacity has long been a central element of Pakistan's energy policy.

The 2005 Energy Security Plan included the intention of lifting nuclear capacity to 8800 MWe in the long term, 900 MWe of this by 2015 and a further 1500 MWe by 2020. Projections included four further Chinese reactors of 300 MWe each and seven of 1000 MWe, all PWR. There were tentative plans for China to build two 1000 MWe PWR units at Karachi as KANUPP 2&3, but China then in 2007 deferred development of its CNP-1000 type which would have been the only one of that size able to be exported. Pakistan then turned its attention to building smaller units with higher local content. However, in 2013 China revived its 1000 MWe designs with export intent, and made overtures to Pakistan for the ACP1000 design, which became Hualong One – see below.

In August 2011 it was reported that Pakistan aimed for 8000 MWe nuclear at ten sites by 2030. PAEC has apparently selected six new sites on the basis of Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) advice. These are the Qadirabad-Bulloki (QB) link canal near Qadirabad Headworks; Dera Ghazi Khan canal near Taunsa Barrage; Taunsa-Panjnad canal near Multan; Nara canal near Sukkur; Pat Feeder canal near Guddu; and Kabul River near Nowshera. Early in 2012 Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) said that four reactors were planned for the Taunsa-Panjnad canal near Multan in Punjab.

In January 2014 PAEC announced its intention to build five further 1100 MWe nuclear plants to meet anticipated electricity demand, and have 8.9 GWe of nuclear capacity online by 2030. "With more than 55 reactor-years of successful operating experience to its credit, the PAEC can confidently move from technology acquisition status to actually starting contributing sizable electrical energy to the system." PAEC was then quoted as saying that eight sites would be chosen for a further 32 units, four 1100 MWe units at each, so that nuclear power supplied one-quarter of the country’s electricity from 40 GWe of capacity. This evidently assumes a more than tenfold increase in electricity demand by a future date well beyond 2030.

PAEC said an initial 1100 MWe plant would be built at Muzaffargarh, on the Taunsa-Panjnad canal near Multan in southwest Punjab. It was also reported that discussions with China were under way to supply three nuclear power units for about $13 billion.

 

[ghazi52]

Nuclear Power in Pakistan​

(Updated October 2021)

• Pakistan has five operable reactors, with a further unit under construction, with Chinese help.
• Pakistan's nuclear weapons capabilities have arisen independently of its civil nuclear fuel cycle, using indigenous uranium.
• Because Pakistan is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, due to its weapons programme, it is largely excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, which hinders its development of civil nuclear energy. However, China is positive about nuclear cooperation with Pakistan, and a 2018 International Atomic Energy Agency programme further supports civil nuclear power.

Operable Reactors​

Five
2,242 MWe

Reactors Under Construction​

One
1,014 MWe

Reactors Shutdown​

One
90 MWe

Operable nuclear power capacity​

Electricity sector​

Total generation (in 2019): 133 TWh

Generation mix: ......

Natural gas 61.7 TWh (46%), hydro 27.3 TWh (20%), coal 15.9 TWh (12%), oil 13.5 TWh (10%), nuclear 10.0 TWh (8%), wind 3.3 TWh (2.5%), biofuels & waste 0.9 TWh, solar 0.7 TWh.

Import/export balance: ....................0.5 TWh imports, no exports

Total consumption:.......................... 114 TWh

Per capita consumption:............... c. 500 kWh/yr

Source: International Energy Agency and The World Bank.

Nuclear Power Industry​

Reactors operating in Pakistan

clear Power Plant 2	CNP-300	PWR	300	2005-12	2011-03
Chashma Nuclear Power Plant Unit 3	Chashma Nuclear Power Plant 3	CNP-300	PWR	315	2011-05	2016-10
Chashma Nuclear Power Plant Unit 4	Chashma Nuclear Power Plant 4	CNP-300	PWR	313	2011-12	2017-06
K-2	Karachi 2	HPR1000	PWR	1,014	2015-08	2021-03

Karachi is also known as KANUPP; Chashma as CHASNUPP.

Enriched fuel for the PWRs is imported from China.

PAEC is responsible for all nuclear energy and research applications in the country. It has two divisions which are responsible for nuclear power programs: Nuclear Power Generation (NUPG) and Nuclear Power Projects (NUPP). The NUPG directorate oversees the operational units, and the NUPP directorate is concerned with the design and construction of planned units, and is closely aligned with the PNRA.

Karachi 1

PAEC's first nuclear power reactor, Karachi 1 (K1, KANUPP 1) at Paradise Point in Sindh province, about 25 km west of Karachi, was a small 100 MWe (90 MWe net) Canadian pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR). The unit started up in 1971 and was shut down in August 2021. It was under international safeguards. It was operated at reduced power for several years before its retirement.

At Karachi (KANUPP) a 4800 m3/day MED desalination plant was commissioned in 2012, though in 2014 it was reported as 1600 m3/day.

Chashma 1-4

The second unit is Chashma 1 (CHASNUPP 1) in Punjab province in the north, a 325 MWe (300 MWe net) two-loop pressurised water reactor (PWR) supplied by CNNC under safeguards. The main part of the plant was designed by Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute (SNERDI), based on Qinshan 1. It started up in May 2000. Design lifetime is 40 years. It, and the following three units at the same site, were built using international design codes and standards.

Construction of its twin, Chashma 2 (CHASNUPP 2), started in December 2005. It was reported to cost PKR 51.46 billion ($ 490 million, with $20 million of this financed by China). A safeguards agreement with the IAEA was signed in 2006 and grid connection was in March 2011, with commercial operation in May. Upgrades have added 5 MWe since (to 330 MWe gross).

In June 2008 the government announced plans to build units 3&4 at Chashma, each 320 MWe gross and largely financed by China. A further agreement for China's help with the project was signed in October 2008, and given prominence as a counter to the US-India agreement shortly preceding it.

In March 2009 China's SNERDI announced that it was proceeding with design of Chashma 3&4, with China Zhongyuan Engineering Co. Ltd (CZEC) as the general contractor and China Nuclear Industry No.5 Construction Company as installer. In April 2009, a design contract with SNERDI was signed, and the government said that it had approved the project at a cost of $2.37 billion, with $1.75 billion of this involving "a foreign exchange component". In March 2010 Pakistan announced that it had agreed the terms for Chashma 3&4, whereby China would provide 82% of the total $1.912 billion financing as three 20-year low-interest loans. It would also provide fuel for the reactors’ lifetime nominally of 40 years.

The main construction contract was signed in June 2010, detailing that the two 340 MWe CNP-300 (315 MWe net) units were to be completed in eight years. They will have a design lifetime of 40 years and be under IAEA safeguards. Construction of unit 3 officially started at the end of May 2011, and unit 4 in December 2011. Early in 2014 PAEC said they were several months ahead of schedule. In 2015 CZEC said completion of unit 3 would be in 2016, and in fact it was grid-connected in October, with full power and commercial operation in December. Unit 4 started up in March 2017 and was grid-connected late in June 2017.

The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) has raised some questions about China's supply of Chasma 3&4. Contracts for units 1&2 were signed in 1990 and 2000 respectively, before 2004 when China joined the NSG, which maintains an embargo on sales of nuclear equipment to Pakistan. China argued that units 3&4 are similarly 'grandfathered', and arrangements are consistent with those for units 1&2.

During the inauguration of the Chashma 4 unit, the prime minister said the government "is committed to achieve [its] goal of adding 8800 MWe of nuclear energy to the national grid by 2030." This includes Karachi 2, connected to the grid in March 2021, and Karachi 3 currently under construction.

Reactors under construction and planned in Pakistan

Reactor	Province	Type	MWe gross	Construction start	Planned commercial operation
Karachi 3	Sindh	Hualong One/ACP1000	1100	May 2016	Late 2022
Total (1)			1100
Chashma 5	Punjab	Hualong One/ACP1000	1161	?	?

Karachi is also known as KANUPP.

Karachi 2&3

In June 2013 the Planning Commission said that two CNNC 1000 MWe class reactors would be used for Karachi 2 and 3 (KANUPP 2&3) near Karachi unit 1. Two coastal sites had been under consideration for the twin 1100 MWe units. CNNC in April 2013 announced an export agreement for the ACP1000, nominally 1100 MWe, apparently for Pakistan. This was confirmed in June by the PAEC which said that the next nuclear project would be 1100 MWe class units at the Karachi Coastal power station.

In July 2013 ECNEC approved two units of the Karachi Costal power project with net generation capacity of 2117 MWe. The total cost of this was estimated at PKR 959 billion ($9.116 billion), with $6.5 billion (68%) being vendor finance. PAEC also said that 82% of the total cost would be financed by China. At the end of August 2013 contracts were signed in Shanghai with CNNC, CZEC, China Nuclear Power Engineering Co. Ltd. (CNPE), Nuclear Power Institute of China (NPIC), and East China Electric Power Designing Institute (ECEPDI). Groundbreaking at the site near Paradise Point, 25 km west of Karachi, took place in November 2013, but in October 2014 the Sindh high court ruling stopped site work following a challenge on environmental grounds, and the restraining order was extended to early December. The project was re-launched in August 2015, and construction of the first unit started then.

The Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority received the safety analysis of China’s ACP1000 reactor from CNNC and after completing the review granted a construction licence, for the CNNC version of Hualong One, 1161 MWe gross.

In April 2015 China Nuclear Engineering & Construction Group Co (CNEC) won the tender for civil engineering construction and installation work for the conventional island of the plant, which it said would use Hualong One reactors. Construction of the first unit started in August 2015 and is expected to take 72 months (52 months for the conventional island). Construction of the second unit started at the end of May 2016, according to the IAEA, but without any announcement or notification on the PAEC website. In July 2017 the reactor vessel for unit 2 completed pressure tests at China First Heavy Machinery Group's factory in China, and in September it was installed.

A press report in January 2017 said that work on both units was intensifying to meet the operational target, and that it was a CPEC project. In March 2017 the IAEA approved Pakistan’s request to apply international safeguards to both units.

In November 2019, CNNC reported that cold testing had begun for Karachi 2. Hot testing was completed in September 2020, and fuel loading commenced in December 2020. The unit achieved first criticality in February 2021 and was connected to the grid in March, after 67 months construction. The unit began commercial operation in May 2021.

In light of its inability to buy uranium on the open market, PAEC says that Pakistan has agreed with CNNC to provide lifetime fuel supply for the reactors, specified as 60 years.

Chashma 5

In November 2010 the PAEC signed a construction agreement with CNNC for a fifth unit at Chashma. In February 2013 a further agreement was signed by PAEC with CNNC for a 1000 MWe unit at Chashma. It was reported that China expected that this deal would be controversial under the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and guidelines of the NSG. Early in 2013 CNNC confirmed that the reactor would be an ACP1000 unit, though not necessarily at Chashma. In November 2017 CNNC signed a cooperation agreement with PAEC on the construction of Chashma 5 as a Hualong One unit. In 2020 environmental assessment was under way.

 

[ghazi52]

..
Mr. Stone presents the Pinstech (Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science &Technology) model to President Ayub Khan, November 1961..

 

[ghazi52]

A nice view of K-2 and K-3, Karachi...................

 

[ghazi52]

Pakistan’s peaceful nuclear programme​

Two nuclear power plants at Karachi, two at Muzaffargarh and one power plant at Chashma are planned in near future

Dr Talat Shabbir |
October 10, 2020

Spanning over decades, Pakistan’s peaceful nuclear programme became a great success story though it has been subjected to a politically motivated narrative all along. The peaceful application of nuclear energy relates to power generation, agriculture, health, mineral exploration, industry and of course is vital for socio-economic uplift of any country.

In addition, the nuclear power projects provide employment opportunities to thousands of individuals and contributing towards socio-economic development of adjoining communities with provision of healthcare and education facilities.

Pakistan started its civilian nuclear power programme in the early 70s with the construction of a 137 MW nuclear power plant in Karachi. Commonly referred to as KANUPP, the plant ranks amongst the pioneers of nuclear power technology in the developing world. T

he journey that started with KANUPP continued with the addition of four nuclear power plants at the Chashma site that operate high capacity factors and provide electricity to the national grid as one of the most economical and reliable sources of power generation. Two nuclear power plants at Karachi, two at Muzaffargarh and one power plant at Chashma are planned in the very near future.

Needless to mention the hard work and dedication of Pakistani scientists and engineers deserve commendation for reasons that most plants operate after completing their design life with perfect safety. That is not only reflective of solid foundations of a strong and viable nuclear power programme of Pakistan, but also speaks volumes of skill and commitment of the Pakistani work force assigned the onerous task of maintaining the plants.

Nuclear power is a reliable source of energy as it is not sensitive to seasonal variations and plants are characterised as base-load because they have higher capacity factors and can run uninterrupted for years using fuel stored at the site. The nuclear power plants at Chashma are the best performing power stations in the country supplying economical and reliable energy of about 1335 MW to the national grid. These plants are operating at a capacity factor of above 80% which is a great feat given the sensitivity of the nuclear power infrastructure.

Besides being reliable, nuclear power is a cheap source of energy. For instance, the average electricity tariff of the Chashma units is amongst the lowest when compared with fossil fuel plants. It is also a clean source of energy, because nuclear power plants do not emit harmful pollutants, i.e. no greenhouse gases which are largely responsible for climate change.

A 1000 MW coal, oil and gas fired power plant annually emits, on average, six, five and three million tons of CO2, respectively, whereas a nuclear power plant of similar capacity shall have zero emission count. It is also pertinent to mention that one kilogram of uranium provides huge energy (100,000 KW) as compared to brown coal, hard coal, oil, and gas which provides 1, 3, 4, 5 KW, respectively.

Since the past several decades, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) has been able to maintain an enviable safety record. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has on more than one occasions expressed satisfaction over Pakistan’s nuclear security regime.

The international agency works closely with relevant institutions in Pakistan on safe, reliable and sustainable operations of the power plants. There are well-documented emergency plans drawn up in collaboration with national and provincial bodies to deal with any eventuality for all the facilities across Pakistan.

For Pakistan, China not only appreciated Pakistan’s requirement for a peaceful nuclear programme but has also rendered cooperation all along in developing the nuclear power programme. And the plants at Chashma and Karachi site are shining examples of China’s continued support.

Pakistan and China should continue to work closely not only in the peaceful nuclear domain but also in other fields of emerging technologies. That is the road to a win-win prosperous future.

Pakistan’s peaceful nuclear programme | The Express Tribune

Two nuclear power plants at Karachi, two at Muzaffargarh and one power plant at Chashma are planned in near future

tribune.com.pk

 

[ghazi52]

Construction of Karachi 3, the second of two 1100 MWe Hualong One units to be built near Paradise Point in the province of Sindh, began in May 2016. Karachi 2 entered commercial operation in May last year. The units are the first exports of CNNC's Hualong One, which is also promoted on the international market as HPR1000.

The Karachi units are also sometimes referred to as KANUPP, and the site was home to Pakistan's first nuclear power reactor, Karachi 1 - a small 100 MWe (90 MWe net) Canadian pressurised heavy water reactor which shut down in 2021 after 50 years of operation.

 

[FuturePAF]

Does Pakistan have a fast breeder reactor?
The Indians are rapidly expanding the amount of fissile material they can make, especially now with a new breeder reactor. Even if they claim the following rector is only commercial, they probably have expanded their capabilities on the military side, with the same technology.

1:37-3:12


Pakistan needs something like the following reactor (something that can be seen as overtly civilian but also military) to keep pace; as the policy is suppose to be minimum Credible deterrence, and maintaining parity in warhead count contributes to that stability.

This reactor design can produce 330 kg of weapons grade plutonium a year.

CFR-600 - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org

 

[ghazi52]

Electricity sector​

Total generation (in 2020): 133 TWh

Generation mix: natural gas 44.3 TWh (33%); hydro 34.0 TWh (26%); coal 25.7 TWh (19%); oil 13.1 TWh (10%); nuclear 11.5 TWh (9%); wind 2.9 TWh (2%); solar 0.7 TWh; biofuels & waste 0.9 TWh.

Import/export balance: 0.5 TWh imports, no exports

Total consumption: 108 TWh

Per capita consumption: c. 500 kWh/yr

 

[ghazi52]

First Nuclear Energy Summit in Brussels: Pakistan calls for enhanced global cooperation to ensure energy security​

Recorder Report

ISLAMABAD: Pakistan has called for enhanced international cooperation, including technical assistance and provision of financial assistance by multilateral financial institutions, to ensure the energy security of developing countries.

Pakistan’s call was presented by Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar during the First Nuclear Energy Summit held in Brussels, Belgium on 21 March 2024, the Foreign Office said here on Friday.

Addressing the Summit, the Foreign Minister highlighted Pakistan’s achievements in peaceful uses of nuclear technology particularly in the generation of electricity.

According to the statement of the Foreign Office, Dar underscored the importance of nuclear energy to address the challenges of climate mitigation and adaptation. He stressed that as a country severely affected by climate change and climate-induced disasters, Pakistan was keen to diversify its energy mix with low-carbon energy sources.

The Foreign Minister called for enhanced international cooperation, including technical assistance and the provision of financial assistance by multilateral financial institutions, to ensure the energy security of developing countries.

He reiterated Pakistan’s readiness to share its experience and expertise in the field of civilian nuclear technology with other countries, particularly the developing States.

In his meeting with Director General IAEA Rafael Mariano Grossi, the statement added that the foreign minister appreciated the IAEA’s role in enhancing peaceful uses of nuclear technology.

He expressed Pakistan’s commitment to enhancing the share of nuclear energy in the energy mix and underscored the importance of technical cooperation of the Agency to which Pakistan is also making significant contributions.

Foreign Minister Dar stressed that international financial institutions and banks should support nuclear energy projects in developing countries to enable them to meet their energy needs and achieve zero emissions goals.

The Foreign Minister also held bilateral meetings with Chinese Vice Premier Zhang Guoqing, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan, Bayramov Jeyhun, the Foreign Minister of Turkiye, Hakan Fidan, and the UAE Minister of Energy and Infrastructure, Almazrouel Suhail.

 

[ghazi52]

K-2 and K-3 Karachi...

Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) Reactors K2 and K3.
Each reactor generates 1,100 MWe gross electrical output and 3,060 MWt gross thermal output.

 

[studsmart]

Are both k2 and k3 are fully operational now