Egypt's growing military capabilities are raising growing Israeli concerns, with arms deals expanding since 2014 from France, Russia, Germany, Italy and the United States, and defense industries and strategic bases being developed, redrawing the balance of power in the Middle East.
Egypt's arms deals under Sisi..
Military Aviation
In 2015, Egypt signed a deal with France worth $5.2 billion to purchase 24 Rafale fighters, marking the first time that Cairo broke its almost complete dependence on American F-16 fighters.
In 2021, another deal was concluded with Paris to acquire an additional 30 fighters, bringing the total number to 54 aircraft, making Egypt the second largest operator of this model in the world after France.
In parallel, Cairo headed towards Moscow, purchasing 46 MiG-29M/M2 fighters under a deal signed in 2015 worth two billion dollars, and delivered between 2017 and 2020.
This was followed by another agreement in 2019 to acquire approximately 30 Sukhoi-35 fighters, despite threats of US sanctions.
Egypt also strengthened its attack helicopter fleet with a $5 billion Russian deal in 2015 to acquire Ka-52 Alligator helicopters.
In addition to armed drones it obtained in 2018 from China for use in Sinai.
The Egyptian Navy
The Egyptian Navy witnessed a qualitative shift with the entry of Mistral helicopter carriers into service after a deal with France that cost about one billion dollars, after it was not possible to sell them to Russia due to sanctions.
Cairo also acquired a number of other French naval vessels with TOT, becoming the second largest importer of French weapons between 2016 and 2020.
As for Germany, it delivered four modern combat submarines to Egypt as part of a deal worth one billion euros, capable of targeting surface ships, hitting land targets, and planting sea mines. This cooperation developed until Cairo became the largest importer of German weapons in 2021, with a value of 4.34 billion euros.
In the same year, its military deals with Italy expanded to become its largest customer, with contracts that could exceed 10 billion euros, including a landmark deal worth 1.3 billion euros.
Land Forces and Air Defense
Egypt continued to produce M1A1 Abrams tanks locally in partnership with the United States, which in late 2024 approved a deal to develop these tanks worth $4.6 billion.
Cairo also signed an agreement with Russia to assemble 500 tanks with a local manufacturing rate of up to 70%.
In terms of air defense, Egypt introduced long- and medium-range systems as part of deals concluded since 2015, which enhanced its ability to confront multiple threats.
Defense industry and military bases
Development was not limited to purchasing weapons, but extended to supporting the local military industry. In 2022, the Ministry of Military Production signed a comprehensive cooperation agreement with the American company Navy Star to develop joint manufacturing.
Egypt also launched local military products such as the Raad 200 rocket launcher and the Nute drone, and opened the way for the private sector to participate in this strategic sector.
At the level of military infrastructure, Cairo launched major strategic bases, most notably the Mohamed Naguib base west of Alexandria in 2017, which it describes as the largest in the Middle East and Africa and which is located west of Alexandria and was opened by Sisi in 2017, and the Berenice base on the Red Sea, which was opened in 2020 and includes air and naval facilities, in addition to the "July 3" base On the Mediterranean Sea near the Libyan border, with an area of ten million square meters, it is located in the Jarjoub area in Marsa Matrouh Governorate.
These developments raise questions about their repercussions on the balance of power in the region. As regional conflicts escalate and alliances shift, there is growing interest in monitoring the role that Egypt's growing military capabilities can play in shaping the future of regional security, whether as a potential stabilizing force or as a party that may be viewed as a source of concern for some regional powers, most notably Israel.