Mate, if we look at the history of this region through the lens of archaeology then you will notice
that some question the account of exodus from Egypt. But I am a Muslim and take Holy Quran at face value so I believe in the account of exodus from Egypt.
These people are identified as "Hebrews" and "Israelites" in literature. These people were slaves of the ancient Egyptian Empire but Prophet Moses (Musa) set the free with unprecedented support of Allah Almighty and these people migrated to the promised land after death of Prophet Moses. This promised land was identified as
Canaan in ancient times but the British used the term
Palestine in 1917 (related information in
here).
Hebrews settled in Canaan but co-existed as separate families or tribes until King Saul (Talut) united them all with guidance of Prophet Samuel (Shammil) and created a
United Monarchy identified as the Kingdom of Israel in literature that continued successfully till the reign of Prophet Solomon (Suleiman) but it split during the reign of Prophet Solomon's son and successor King Rehoboam as a total of 10 tribes refused to accept his leadership and created a separate kingdom that continued to identify itself as "the Kingdom of Israel" while other tribes created a separate kingdom that identified itself as "the Kingdom of Judah" under the rule of King Rehoboam. These two separate Hebrew Kingdoms co-existed for next 200 years until Assyrian invasion.
"In the North was the powerful kingdom of Israel with Shechem, and later Samaria, as its capital, while, to the South, was the Kingdom of Judah including the city of Jerusalem." - TMAH
You are correct to point out this distinction so I shall thank you on this count.
Now let's have a look at the revalations in the Holy Quran.
And We warned the Children of Israel in the Scripture, “You will certainly cause corruption in the land twice, and you will become extremely arrogant....
quran.com
When the first of the two warnings would come to pass, We would send against you some of Our servants of great might, who would ravage your homes. Thi...
quran.com
Then ˹after your repentance˺ We would give you the upper hand over them and aid you with wealth and offspring, causing you to outnumber them.
quran.com
Allah Almighty use the term بَنِىٓ إِسْرَٰٓءِيلَ
("Children of Israel") to refer to all Hebrews (or Israelites) in the promised land.
During the war with Assyrians, the Kingdom of Israel fell to Assyrian forces
before the Kingdom of Judah (related information in
here,
here,
here, and
here). Both of these kingdoms co-existed in the promised land and were established by Hebrews (or Israelites) and Allah Almighty did not distinguish these kingdoms like human scholars as you can see in his revelations. Jewish research indicates that
some residents of the Kingdom of Israel migrated to the Kingdom of Judah during war with Assyrians but the Kingdom of Judah also fell circa 587 BCE so many Hebrews (or Israelites) fled to distant lands or were forced to do so.
This explains how some Hebrews (or Israelites) reached and settled in Medina as well. Those who fled from the promised land are declared lost tribes.
Allah Almighty also pointed out that Hebrews (or Israelites) repented, regrouped to rebuild their strength, and defeated the Assyrians or their successors eventually. I am not sure that this was the time of Yehud Medinata or Maccabean Revolt or the
Hasmonean dynasty. However, Hebrews (or Israelites) became corrupt and arrogant again and fought a war with the Roman Empire.
If you act rightly, it is for your own good, but if you do wrong, it is to your own loss. “And when the second warning would come to pass, your enemie...
quran.com
Hebrews (or Israelites) lost
the First Temple circa 587 BCE and
the Second Temple circa 70 BCE. The Second Temple was constructed in the time of Yehud Medinata and the Romans destroyed it circa 70 CE when they destroyed the Hasmonean dynasty in the promised land.
A focused, interdisciplinary examination of atumultuous, history-making eraThe Middle Maccabees lays out the charged, complicatedbeginnings of the independent J...
www.jstor.org
en.m.wikipedia.org
Temples were torched, cities sacked, and their people devastated. The Roman-Jewish Wars were the Jewish people’s desperate, but ultimately futile, fight to resist Roman expansion.
www.thecollector.com
Romans created such conditions that Hebrews (or Israelites) could not recover and rebuild like in the past.
Allah Almighty have also used the term ٱلْيَهُودُ ("the Jews") to describe Hebrews (or Israelites) who settled in other regions including Medina.
The Jews and the Christians each say, “We are the children of Allah and His most beloved!” Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “Why then does He punish you for your sin...
quran.com
Allah Almighty knows best. Therefore, I use "the Jews" as a blanket term to describe all people who stick to faith of Hebrews (or Israelites) in modern times irrespective of their distinct past identities to keep it simple. So much have happened in time that I think that "the Jews" is acceptable point of reference for these people.
I am not trying to mislead anybody but keeping it simple for all to understand geopolitics of the promised land across time and space. Let's not waste time on semantics because it solves nothing.
