Government seeks to strengthen domestic supply chains amid rising trade tension between Washington and Beijing
By
Santiago Pérez WSJ Oct. 8, 2024
MEXICO CITY—Mexico wants to reduce its dependence on imports from China and is asking some of the world’s biggest manufacturers and tech firms operating in the country to identify Chinese products and parts that could be made locally.
The administration of leftist President Claudia Sheinbaum, who took office last week, wants U.S. carmakers and semiconductor manufacturers as well as global giants in the aerospace and electronics sectors to substitute some goods and components manufactured in China, Malaysia, Vietnam and Taiwan, said Deputy Trade Minister Luis Rosendo Gutiérrez.
“We want to focus on supporting our domestic supply chains,” Gutiérrez said in an interview. Talks with foreign companies have been informal, he said.
The proposed measures will be focused primarily on China, Mexico’s longstanding rival in the global race to attract investment in manufacturing, Mexican consulting firm Empra said in a note to investors on Friday.
“The atmosphere in the U.S. has changed, there is a new consensus regarding greater protectionism,” said a government presentation seen by The Wall Street Journal that outlines some of Mexico’s trade and industrial priorities.
“We are facing a trade war between the U.S. and China.”
China’s Foreign Ministry said in a statement to The Wall Street Journal: “Bilateral trade and cooperation between Mexico and China have brought tangible benefits to the people of both countries…Both sides should create favorable conditions for normal economic and trade interactions, as well as jointly maintain the stability of the global supply chain.”
The initiative comes as the Sheinbaum administration gears up for a review of the
U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement in 2026. Consultations on the trade pact are set to begin in the second half of 2025, according to the document.
The talks among the three North American trading partners are expected to be more complex than in 2018 when the USMCA was signed to replace its forerunner Nafta, according to the presentation. Subjects to be discussed are expected to include trade with China and requirements for increased North American content in goods imported tariff-free into the U.S.
U.S. legislators and industry groups have raised concerns about China using Mexico as a back door to circumvent U.S. import tariffs. Mexican officials say that there is no evidence supporting such claims. “Mexico isn’t a springboard from Asia to the U.S.,” Gutiérrez said.
Chinese high-tech goods
have flooded the global economy this year. The U.S. and Canada
imposed tariffs on imports of Chinese electric vehicles, steel and aluminum to protect domestic manufacturing. Chinese officials have said that the country’s electric vehicles, solar panels and other products are simply better and cheaper than those made in the West.
“This isn’t an issue about China, but rather about the evolution of the Mexican economy,” said César Fragozo, executive vice president of China Chamber Mexico, a binational industry group that represents Chinese companies in Mexico and Mexican exporters to China.
Whereas 15 years ago, Mexico imported cheap finished goods from China such as toys, now it brings in billions of dollars of sophisticated components for various industries, he said.
“We believe that it’s positive for Chinese firms to establish themselves in Mexico or to have co-investments with Mexican companies, and we agree that more domestic products should be purchased,” Fragozo said.
Mexico continued to expand its exports to the U.S. under the USMCA, and in 2023 it overtook China as the biggest foreign supplier of goods to the U.S., largely as trade disputes caused China to lose market share. But Mexico has struggled to attract new foreign investment from companies aiming to move production out of China in a process known as nearshoring.
China’s exports to Mexico have also risen steadily in recent years to reach 20% of total imports, according to Mexican government data. About 70% of Mexico’s imports from Asia, primarily Chinese goods and components, are brought in by about 50 foreign companies operating in Mexico, Gutiérrez said. Half of them are U.S. firms in the automotive, semiconductor and aerospace industries.
Mexico’s government initiative also aims to reduce the risk of supply-chain disruptions and take advantage of Mexico’s proximity to U.S. markets, he said.
“While this needs to make sense case by case, substituting Chinese imports with Mexican inputs strengthens a more integrated North American trade network,” said Pedro Casas Alatriste, general director of AmCham Mexico, the industry group that represents more than 1,400 U.S. firms operating in Mexico. The initiative can also boost competitiveness by ensuring a reliable supply chain for U.S. manufacturers and enhance North America’s position in the global economy, he said.
One person familiar with the government’s plan said that some companies haven’t agreed to any specific goal around import substitution and that discussions are part of the Economy Ministry’s aspirations to strengthen domestic supply chains in key sectors such as the semiconductors industry.
Another executive at one of the firms approached by Mexican authorities said there is one big challenge: Mexico lacks basic infrastructure to substitute some high-end Chinese goods and components. That includes securing enough water and electricity to power up industrial parks.
It can also take decades for Mexico to develop local supply chains, said Jorge González Henrichsen, co-chief executive of the Nearshore Company, which helps foreign manufacturing firms operate in Mexico through its network of 16 industrial plants.
“On paper, import substitution sounds great. But execution is a big question mark, given the vast resources and specialized skill sets needed and the time it would take,” he said.
Since the signing of Nafta three decades ago, Mexico’s industrial sector has been radically transformed. Its low-wage assembly plants known as
maquiladoras paved the way for the emergence of manufacturing hubs that made the country one of the world’s top exporters of vehicles, beer and flat-panel televisions.
But in the manufacturing of high-definition TV sets, for example, Mexico makes the low-value packaging and molded plastic or metal casings, while the priciest parts such as the thin glass panels are made in Asia.
“Mexico, like North America, needs to produce more than it consumes, as we are relying too much on basic products from China for our homes,” Mexico’s Finance Minister Rogelio Ramírez de la O said earlier this year. He was recently ratified in his post by Sheinbaum.
“Mexico has to do its own review because we buy $119 billion of goods a year from China and sell $11 billion to them,” he said.